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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (1987), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field strength dependence of the electric birefringence for a system of noninteracting rigid or nonrigid molecules is calculated on the basis of the most general model, following the formalism of Nagai and Ishikawa. The results are expressed as power series of the field strength. Simple equations are obtained in the cases of permanent dipole orientation and induced dipole orientation. Applications to 1,2-dichloroethane and the nonrigid trumbell model are presented as examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 77 (1973), S. 2101-2107 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 74 (1970), S. 2182-2188 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 63 (1959), S. 1558-1565 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 240 (1970), S. 831-836 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einschaltvorgang, der stationäre Zustand und das Abklingen der Doppelbrechung bei Poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamat-Lösungen mit einem elektrischen Impuls von rechteckiger Form werden bei 25 °C über einem großen Feldstärkebereich von 1.5×103–3×104V/cm untersucht. Als Lösungsmittel wird die Dichloräthan/Dimethylformamid-Mischung im Volumenverhältnis 99∶1 verwendet. Aus dem Abklingvorgang werden die zur Konzentration 0 extrapolierte mittlere Relaxationszeit und die entsprechende Rotationsdiffusionskonstante bestimmt. Das scheinbare permanente Dipolmoment und der optische Anisotropiefaktor werden aus der Feldstärkeabhängigkeit der stationären Doppelbrechung ermittelt. Der Einschaltvorgang wird nach unserer Theorie, die für beliebige hohe Feldstärken im Anfangsverlauf gültig ist, analysiert. Die Δn(t)/t gegen t-Kurven für verschiedene Feldstärken sind geradlinig im Anfangsverlauf und laufen durch den Ursprung. Hieraus zeigt sich, daß die elektrische Orientierung von Poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamat in Lösungen hauptsächlich durch das permanente Dipolmoment bedingt ist. Überdies wird der aus dem Einschaltvorgang gewonnene Wert des scheinbaren permanenten Dipolmomentes mit dem aus der stationären Doppelbrechung ermittelten Wert verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The rise process, steady-state and decay process of the birefringence of poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate solutions under the action of a rectangular pulse have been studied at 25 °C over a wide range of field strength of 1.5×103 to 3×104V/cm. The solvent used was a dichloroethane-dimethylformamide mixture of the volume ratio 99∶1. From the decay process the average relaxation time extrapolated to zero concentration and the corresponding rotational diffusion constant were determined. The apparent dipole moment and the optical anisotropy factor were obtained from the field strength dependence of steady-state birefringence. The rise process was analyzed according to our theory which holds for arbitrary high field strength in the initial stage. The Δn(t)/t versus t curves for various field strengths were found to be linear in the initial stage and pass through the origin. Thus, it was concluded that the electrical orientation of poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate in solution is due primarily to the permanent dipole moment. Furthermore, the value of the apparent permanent dipole moment obtained from the rise process was compared with that obtained from the steadystate birefringence.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 421-431 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electric birefringence of sodium polyethylenesulfonate in water has been studied. For a low molecular weight fraction, the electric field dependence followed the Kerr law quite closely. For a higher molecular weight fraction, the specific Kerr constant was much larger, and pronounced saturation of the electric birefringence was observed in fields of 15 kv./cm. The specific Kerr constant increased with decreasing polyelectrolyte concentration in pure water. On the other hand, it decreased on isoionic dilution. The saturation effect was the more marked, the lower the polyelectrolyte concentration. The saturation behavior resembled that of permanent dipole orientation, but this mechanism was not supported by the build-up of the birefringence. The magnitudes of specific Kerr constants of various types of macromolecules in solution are tabulated and discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric constant and the electric birefringence of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate in ethylene dichloride-dichloroacetic acid mixtures have been measured as functions of the solvent composition. These properties undergo a marked decrease with the addition of a small amount of dichloroacetic acid, as well as an abrupt change accompanying the helix-coil transition in the vicinity of 75 vol.-% dichloroacetic acid. The former is attributed to the apparent diminution of the dipole moment of helical poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate molecule, which may be due to the protonation of terminal amide groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electric birefringence of collagen solutions has been measured over a wide range of field strength with the pulse technique. The soluble collagen was from rat tail tendon. The solvent used was dilute acetic acid. Very pronounced saturation of the electric birefringence was observed, permitting calculation of the optical anisotropy factor. The Kerr constant was determined by extrapolation to zero field strength. From the dependence on field strength of the birefringence, the permanent dipole moment and the anisotropy of polarizability were separately determined. The contribution of the former to the Kerr constant was found to be twice as large as that of the latter. The same conclusion was obtained from the initial slope of the rise curves of the birefringence at low fields. The permanent dipole moment was 1.5 × 104 Debye, and the anisotropy of polarizability was about 3 × 10-15 cm.3. The magnitude of the latter indicates that the ion atmosphere polarization is important. Effects of added salt and thermal denaturation on the electric birefringence were explored.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 15 (1976), S. 1669-1676 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transient electric birefringence measurements on poly(L-lysine hydrobromide) in methanol-water mixtures have been carried out at various solvent compositions in the vicinity of the helix-coil transition region (from 87 to 98 vol % methanol). Anomalous birefringence transients were observed between 90 and 95 vol % methanol above a threshold field strength. A distinct difference between the responses to weak and strong electric fields was noticed over a narrow range of the solvent composition. The effects of polymer concentration and temperature on the field-strength dependence of the birefringence were studied at a solvent composition of 90 vol % methanol where the anomalous transients appeared most clearly. The double logarithmic plots of the steady-state specific birefringence versus the square of field strength for different concentrations and temperatures could be superimposed by shifting them horizontally along the abscissa. The threshold field strength which was determined from the shift factor decreased with decreasing concentration. The results provide further evidence that strong electric fields can cause a helix-coil transition in this system under favorable conditions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The change of the specific Kerr constant upon the addition of several acids to poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate solution in ethylene dichloride has been measured by the rectangular pulse method. The addition of a small amount of strong acid (trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, or hydrogen chloride) caused a rapid decrease of the specific Kerr constant. On the other hand, the effect of weak acids (formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid) was small. These facts show that the apparent dipole moment of a helical poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate molecule is considerably diminished by the protonation of terminal peptide groups. The electric conductivity of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate solution in ethylene dichloride-dichloroacetic acid mixtures has been measured. It was found that the specific conductivity per unit concentration of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate increased considerably at small fractions of dichloroacetic acid. This shows that poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate can react as a base (proton acceptor) with dichloroacetic acid. This result also confirms the previous conclusion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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