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  • 1
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    Arctic ice core sea salt simulations for 1991-2015 CE produced using p-TOMCAT chemical transport model (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Description: Interpretation of ice core marine chemistry is often ambiguous because multiple processes influence the signal preserved. Using a chemical transport model, we investigate the relative influence of sea ice and meteorology changes on sea salt sodium records from Arctic ice cores. For inland Greenland cores, our simulations suggest that the sodium budget is dominated by the open ocean source and that inter-annual variability is primarily driven by meteorological conditions not the strength of aerosol emissions. In contrast, for coastal high Arctic cores, the sea ice surface is the principal aerosol source, with inter-annual variability strongly linked to aerosol emissions. High Arctic ice cores may therefore record decadal to centennial scale Holocene sea ice variability. However, any relationship between ice core sodium and sea ice may depend on how sea ice thickness or seasonality impacts sea salt emissions. Field-based observations are urgently required to constrain this. Simulations performed using Cambridge p-TOMCAT chemical transport model which represents the emission, transport and deposition of sea salt aerosol sourced from the open ocean (OOSS) and sea ice surface (SISS). p-TOMCAT is a 3D global model with a spatial resolution of 2.8° x 2.8° across 31 vertical sigma-pressure levels driven by ERA-Interim wind, temperature and humidity fields and HadISST-derived sea ice fraction.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet, 103.8 kBytes
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
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    Co-governed Sovereignty Network (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Singapore
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book introduces MIN, a novel networking architecture to implement the sovereign equality of all countries in the cyberspace. Combining legal theory and network technology, it first discusses the historical development of sovereignty and expounds the legal basis of cyberspace sovereignty. Then, based on the high-performance blockchain, it describes a new network architecture designed to implement co-governance at the technical level. Explaining network sovereignty and including rich illustrations and tables, the book helps readers new to the field grasp the evolution and necessity of cyberspace sovereignty, gain insights into network trends and develop a preliminary understanding of complex network technologies such as blockchain, security mechanisms and routing strategies. The MIN network implements the “four principles” of cyberspace adopted by most nations and people: respecting cyber sovereignty; maintaining peace and protection; promoting openness and cooperation; and building good order to provide network system security. There maybe three scales of application scenario for MIN, the big one is for UN of Cyberspace, the middle one is for Smart city, the small one is for enterprise group or organizations as private network, MIN-VPN. We have developed the product of MIN-VPN, you could find its message on the preface if care about the security of your network.
    Keywords: Cyber Space Management and Network security ; Computer Network Applications ; Cyberspace Legal theory ; Sovereignty Network ; Blockchain ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UK Computer hardware::UKN Network hardware ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTN Network security ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of the weakly bound B(2s2p2 2D)–H2 complex by fluorescence depletion spectroscopy (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 8165-8168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fluorescence depletion method is used to observe electronic transitions in weakly bound complexes involving the B atom in the spectral range near the atomic 2s2p2 2D←2s22p 2P transition. The fluorescence depletion spectrum of the BNe C 2Δ, D 2Π←X 2Π transitions is compared with the previously reported fluorescence excitation spectrum [X. Yang, E. Hwang, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 599 (1996)]. This technique has also been employed to detect the corresponding electronic transitions in the B⋅⋅⋅H2 complex which cannot be detected by laser fluorescence excitation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.471493
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental and theoretical study of the B–Ne nonbonding interaction: The free-bound B 2Σ+–X 2Π electronic transition (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 2779-2786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report a new investigation of the interaction between atomic boron, in both the ground 2p 2P and excited 3s 2S electronic states, with Ne. BNe complexes are formed in a pulsed free jet expansion and detected by laser fluorescence excitation. A broad, asymmetric feature is seen, with maximum intensity ∼270 cm−1 to the blue of the 3s 2S–2p 2PJ atomic transition. This feature corresponds to electronic excitation from the ground vibrational level of the BNe(X 2Π1/2) state into the BNe(B 2Σ+) state, which is unbound. High level ab initio configuration–interaction calculations, involving large atomic orbital bases, were carried out to describe the relevant potentials. The potential curve for the B state reveals a broad shoulder, but no well. The calculated potential curves are corrected, very slightly, by an additional scaling of the correlation energy. Spectral simulations based on these corrected curves reproduce, nearly quantitatively, the experimental spectrum. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470514
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of BNe electronic states correlating with the excited valence B(2s2p2 2D) atomic asymptote (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 599-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The laser fluorescence excitation spectrum of the BNe van der Waals complex, in the vicinity of the B atom 2s2p2 2D←2s22p 2P transition at 208.9 nm, is reported. A total of six partially resolved molecular bands, as well as a broad, unstructured feature to the blue of these bands, have been observed. Three BNe electronic states, denoted as C 2Δ, D 2Π, and E 2Σ+, correlate with the B(2s2p2 2D)+Ne atomic asymptote, and the observed bands are assigned as (v′,0) progressions of the C 2Δ−X 2Π1/2 and D 2Π–X 2Π1/2 band systems. Rotational analysis of the C–X bands has been carried out, and spectroscopic constants characterizing the upper and lower states determined. The onset of the continuous excitation is assigned as the energy to reach the B(2s2p2 2D)+Ne atomic asymptote. Identification of this threshold has allowed the determination of dissociation energies of the X, C, and D states. The observation of banded features in this wavelength range contrasts sharply with the continuous free←bound excitation in the B 2Σ+–X 2Π1/2 transition, because of the purely repulsive B(2s23s 2S)–Ne interaction [X. Yang, E. Hwang, P. J. Dagdigian, M. Yang, and M. H. Alexander, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 2779 (1995)]. The differences in the binding energies of the BNe electronic states are discussed in terms of their expected electronic structures. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470855
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation of weakly bound B(2p,3s)–H2/D2 complexes through laser fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 7966-7974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The nonbonding interaction of boron atoms, in their ground 2s22p 2P and excited 2s23s 2S states, with H2 and D2 has been investigated through laser fluorescence excitation spectroscopy in a supersonic free jet. For these isotopomeric complexes, an asymmetric, unstructured feature is observed, with maximum intensity ∼620 cm−1 to the blue of the 3s 2S–2p 2P atomic transition. The width of this feature is somewhat narrower for B–D2 than for B–H2. The fluorescence emission occurs in the same wavelength range as the boron atomic transition. These observations imply that the B(3s)–H2 interaction is repulsive in the Franck–Condon region. No evidence for chemical reaction on the excited BH2 potential energy surface was found. The observed formation of these complexes in the supersonic beam also suggests that there is a significant barrier to formation of the stable BH2 molecule from B(2p)+H2. These spectra have been interpreted with the help of ab initio calculations of the B(2p,3s)–H2 interactions and the bend–stretch energies of the complex, both reported in the preceding paper [M. H. Alexander and M. Yang, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 7956 (1995)]. From comparison with these calculations, our spectra can be assigned as electronic excitation from the lowest bend–stretch level of the B(2p)–H2/D2 complex to a repulsive region of the electronically excited potential energy surface. Spectral simulations based on the theoretical treatment of this nonbonding interaction reproduce quite well the observed spectra. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470214
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photo-induced reactions in mass-selected complexes Mg+(FCH3)n, n=1–4 (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 3111-3120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photo-induced reactions in the metal cation–molecule complexes Mg+(CH3F)n have been studied as a function of the number of solvent molecules. While a photoreaction of the singly solvated complex Mg+-FCH3 yields exclusively CH3+, excitation of larger complexes Mg+(FCH3)2–4 produces predominantly bare and solvated MgF+. Photo-induced evaporation of the larger complexes was also observed, although with much lower yields. Possible mechanisms are suggested to interpret the abrupt change in the photoreaction patterns with an increasing complex size. The action spectra of all the complexes are discussed based on the transitions 2P←2S centered on the Mg+ ion but perturbed by the presence of the FCH3 molecules. Quantum ab initio calculations were performed to obtain the structures and action spectra of the complexes, which are directly compared with the experimental results. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1287143
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 17 (1999), S. 399-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The secondary lymphoid tissues are located at strategic sites where foreign antigens can be efficiently brought together with immune system regulatory and effector cells. The organized structure of the secondary lymphoid tissues is thought to enhance the sensitivity of antigen recognition and to support proper regulation of the activation and maturation of the antigen-responsive lymphoid cells. Although a substantial amount is known about the cellular elements that compose the lymphoid and nonlymphoid components of the secondary lymphoid tissues, information concerning the signals that control the development of the tissues and that maintain the organized tissue microenvironment remain undefined. Studies over the past few years have identified lymphotoxin as a critical signaling molecule not only for the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues but for the maintenance of aspects of their microarchitecture as well. Additional signaling molecules that contribute to the formation of normal lymphoid tissue structure are being identified at an accelerating pace. Analyses of mouse strains with congenital defects in different aspects of secondary lymphoid tissue development are beginning to clarify the role of these tissues in immune responses and host defense. This review focuses on studies defining recently identified crucial signals for the biogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs and for the maintenance of their proper microarchitecture. It also discusses new insights into how the structure of these tissues supports effective immune responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.399
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental and theoretical study of rotationally inelastic collisions of highly rotationally excited CN(A 2Π) with Ar (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 4474-4484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A collaborative experimental and theoretical study of rotationally inelastic collisions of CN(A 2Π,v=3,N=60) fine-structure Λ-doublet levels with argon is presented. Experimental state-to-state rate constants were determined with an optical–optical double resonance technique. The CN radical was prepared by 193 nm photolysis of BrCN diluted in slowly flowing argon at a total pressure of ∼0.9 Torr. Specific levels of CN(A 2Π,v=3,N=60) were prepared by excitation with a pulsed dye laser on various rotational lines in the A 2Π–X 2Σ+(3,0) band, and collisionally populated levels were probed after a short delay by laser fluorescence excitation in the B 2Σ+–A 2Π(3,3) band. Final state distributions (relative state-to-state rate constants) are reported. To calibrate their magnitude, absolute total removal rate constants and the large state-to-state rate constants for ΔN=−1 fine-structure conserving, Λ-doublet symmetry-conserving transitions were determined. The measured rate constants were compared with theoretical rate constants computed in a quantum scattering treatment of the dynamics with ab initio CN(A 2Π)–Ar potential energy surfaces. The agreement of measured and computed rate constants is very good. The rate constants display dramatic Λ-doublet propensities which depend upon the reflection symmetry of the initial level. From examination of coupled-state partial cross sections as a function of the projection quantum number specifying the angle of approach of the Ar atom to the CN plane of rotation, these propensities are shown to arise from a "helicopter" approach orientation which facilitates curve crossings between effective potential energy curves correlating with different rotational asymptotes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481010
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence excitation and depletion spectroscopy of the BAr complex: Electronic states correlating with the excited valence B(2s2p2 2D) asymptote (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 6596-6606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Laser fluorescence excitation and depletion spectra of the BAr van der Waals complex, in the spectral region around the B atomic 2s2p2 2D←2s22p 2P transition at 208.9 nm, are reported. The fluorescence excitation spectrum displays a series of structured bands, whose excited levels are weakly bound (≤60 cm−1), and an unstructured continuum to the blue. The onset of the latter allows determination of the ground state dissociation energy D0″=102.4±0.3 cm−1. The fluorescence depletion spectrum reveals, in addition, bands at lower wave numbers to a strongly bound, predissociating state, assigned as C2Δ. The bands observed by fluorescence excitation are assigned to the D2Π, E2Σ+–X2Π transitions. The derived spectroscopic data are used to construct potential energy curves for the C2Δ and D2Π states. The predissociation of the C2Δ state is due to spin–orbit coupling to a repulsive 4Π state correlating with the B(2s2p2 4P)+Ar asymptote, as shown in the accompanying paper [K. Sohlberg and D. R. Yarkony, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 6607 (1997)]. A weak nonradiative decay process is also observed for the D2Π state. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473649
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