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  • 1
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    Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over the Udintsev Fracture Zone, the narrowest choke point in the Southern Ocean (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract An up‐to‐date map of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts is constructed from the latest version of mean dynamic topography from satellite altimetry, and reveals the narrowest ACC width in the Udintsev Fracture Zone (UFZ), with the strongest concentration of the three major ACC fronts within a limited distance as short as 170 km, about 40% narrower than that at Drake Passage. At 144°W, at the entrance of the UFZ, which lies between the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR) and its eastwardly‐offset segment (offset PAR segment), there is a triple confluence of the Subantarctic Front (SAF), Polar Front (PF), and Southern ACC Front. Downstream of this longitude, the SAF progressively meanders northward over the relatively shallow offset PAR segment before channeling through the Eltanin Fracture Zone, thus diverging from the PF which proceeds through the UFZ. In‐situ observations from two recent cruises at 144°W confirm the satellite altimetry‐derived frontal circulation in the UFZ region, and yield a baroclinic transport relative to the bottom of 113 x 106 m3 s‐1, comparable to that through Drake Passage. The hydrographic sections show no Antarctic bottom water colder than 0.2°C. Characteristics of major water masses are described and the implications for their potential downstream modifications at Drake Passage are discussed in terms of the meridional overturning circulation across the ACC. Mesoscale eddy activity with periods shorter than 90 days is predominantly concentrated in the immediate downstream area of the offset PAR segment, suggesting a substantial poleward eddy heat flux there.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Dynamic changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation when hES cells undergo differentiation toward a neuronal lineage (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation have been implicated in normal development and differentiation, but our knowledge is limited about the genome-wide distribution of 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) during cellular differentiation. Using an in vitro model system of gradual differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells into ventral midbrain-type neural precursor cells and terminally into dopamine neurons, we observed dramatic genome-wide changes in 5 mC and 5 hmC patterns during lineage commitment. The 5 hmC pattern was dynamic in promoters, exons and enhancers. DNA hydroxymethylation within the gene body was associated with gene activation. The neurogenesis-related genes NOTCH1 , RGMA and AKT1 acquired 5 hmC in the gene body and were up-regulated during differentiation. DNA methylation in the promoter was associated with gene repression. The pluripotency-related genes POU5F1 , ZFP42 and HMGA1 acquired 5 mC in their promoters and were down-regulated during differentiation. Promoter methylation also acted as a locking mechanism to maintain gene silencing. The mesoderm development-related genes NKX2-8 , TNFSF11 and NFATC1 acquired promoter methylation during neural differentiation even though they were already silenced in hES cells. Our findings will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying lineage-specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells during human embryonic development.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes requires YAP-dependent metabolic adaptation (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉In cancer patients, metastasis of tumors to sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) predicts disease progression and often guides treatment decisions. The mechanisms underlying tumor LN metastasis are poorly understood. By using comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses of primary and LN-metastatic tumors in mice, we found that LN metastasis requires that tumor cells undergo a metabolic shift toward fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP) is selectively activated in LN-metastatic tumors, leading to the up-regulation of genes in the FAO signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of FAO or genetic ablation of YAP suppressed LN metastasis in mice. Several bioactive bile acids accumulated to high levels in the metastatic LNs, and these bile acids activated YAP in tumor cells, likely through the nuclear vitamin D receptor. Inhibition of FAO or YAP may merit exploration as a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating tumor metastasis to LNs.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10 years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saraux, Claire -- Le Bohec, Celine -- Durant, Joel M -- Viblanc, Vincent A -- Gauthier-Clerc, Michel -- Beaune, David -- Park, Young-Hyang -- Yoccoz, Nigel G -- Stenseth, Nils C -- Le Maho, Yvon -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):203-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09630.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France. claire.saraux@c-strasbourg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Identification Systems/ethics ; Animal Welfare/ethics/statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Artifacts ; Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seawater/chemistry ; Spheniscidae/growth & development/*physiology ; Survival Rate ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Antitumor activity of IL-32β through the activation of lymphocytes, and the inactivation of NF-κB and STAT3 signals (2013)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-24
    Description: Antitumor activity of IL-32β through the activation of lymphocytes, and the inactivation of NF-κB and STAT3 signals Cell Death and Disease 4, e640 (May 2013). doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.166 Authors: H-M Yun, J H Oh, J-H Shim, J O Ban, K-R Park, J-H Kim, D H Lee, J-W Kang, Y H Park, D Yu, Y Kim, S B Han, D-Y Yoon & J T Hong
    Keywords: IL-32βlymphocytesNF-κBSTAT3tumor growth
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Polyester synthesis in insect-bacterium symbiosis [Microbiology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-26
    Description: Many bacteria accumulate granules of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) within their cells, which confer resistance to nutritional depletion and other environmental stresses. Here, we report an unexpected involvement of the bacterial endocellular storage polymer, PHA, in an insect–bacterium symbiotic association. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris harbors a beneficial and specific gut symbiont...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Microlensing by a wide-separation planet: detectability and boundness (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-26
    Description: The microlensing technique has proven sensitive to Earth-like and/or wide-separation extrasolar planets. The unbiased spatial distribution of extrasolar planets with respect to host stars is crucial in studying the planet formation processes. If one can characterize the planetary microlensing light curves whether they are produced by a wide-separation planet or a free-floating planet, it will greatly help to establish the spatial distribution of extrasolar planets without contamination by free-floating planets. Previous studies have shown that the effect of the host star on the microlensing by the accompanying wide-separation planet can be significant enough to be detected by the high-frequency microlensing experiments for typical microlensing parameters. Here, we further explore the detection condition of a wide-separation planet through the perturbation induced by the planetary caustic for various microlensing parameters, especially for the size of the source stars. By constructing the fractional deviation maps at various positions in the space of microlensing parameters, we find that the pattern of the fractional deviation depends on the ratio of the source radius to the caustic size, and the ratio satisfying the observational threshold varies with the star–planet separation. We have also obtained the upper limits of the source size that allow the detection of the signature of the host star as a function of the separation for given observational threshold. It is shown that this relation further leads one to a simple analytic condition for the star–planet separation to detect the boundness of wide-separation planets as a function of the mass ratio and the source radius. For example, when 5 per cent of the detection threshold is assumed, for a source star with the radius of ~1 R , an Earth-mass planet and a Jupiter-mass planet can be recognized of its boundness when it is within the separation range of ~10 and ~30 au, respectively. We also compare the separation ranges of detection by the planetary caustic with those by the central caustic. It is found that when the microlensing light curve caused by the planetary caustic happens to be analysed, one may afford to support the boundness of the wide-separation planet farther than when that caused by the central caustic is analysed. Finally, we conclude by briefly discussing the implication of our findings on the next-generation microlensing experiments.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Co-degradation of interferon signaling factor DDX3 by PB1-F2 as a basis for high virulence of 1918 pandemic influenza (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈sec〉〈st〉Synopsis〈/st〉〈p〉〈textbox textbox-type="graphic"〉〈p〉〈inline-fig〉〈/inline-fig〉〈/p〉〈/textbox〉〈/p〉 〈p〉The comparative interactome analysis revealed that 1918 PB1-F2 hijacks a key mediator of IFN signaling, DDX3, leading to its proteasomal degradation, and thus shuts off the antiviral response.〈/p〉 〈p〉 〈l type="unord"〉〈li〉〈p〉Influenza PB1-F2 protein plays a multi-functional role in deregulation of innate immune responses and is known to enhance the immunopathology in 1918 pandemic virus.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉We have showed through the interactome analysis that, DDX3, an essential host protein in the type I IFN signaling pathway, binds to and is co-degraded with 1918 PB1-F2.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉The hijacking of a key mediator of IFN signaling uncouples the host antiviral responses from the viral infection, resulting in enhanced virulence.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉Our study reveals a novel molecular basis for the severe pathogenicity of the 1918 strain which will be useful for designing new therapeutic options against influenza pandemics.〈/p〉〈/li〉〈/l〉 〈/p〉〈/sec〉
    Print ISSN: 0261-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2075
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
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  • 9
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    Co-degradation of interferon signaling factor DDX3 by PB1-F2 as a basis for high virulence of 1918 pandemic influenza (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The multifunctional influenza virus protein PB1-F2 plays several roles in deregulation of host innate immune responses and is a known immunopathology enhancer of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Here, we show that the 1918 PB1-F2 protein not only interferes with the mitochondria-dependent pathway of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, but also acquired a novel IFN antagonist function by targeting the DEAD-box helicase DDX3, a key downstream mediator in antiviral interferon signaling, toward proteasome-dependent degradation. Interactome analysis revealed that 1918 PB1-F2, but not PR8 PB1-F2, binds to DDX3 and causes its co-degradation. Consistent with intrinsic protein instability as basis for this gain-of-function, internal structural disorder is associated with the unique cytotoxic sequences of the 1918 PB1-F2 protein. Infusing mice with recombinant DDX3 protein completely rescued them from lethal infection with the 1918 PB1-F2-producing virus. Alongside NS1 protein, 1918 PB1-F2 therefore constitutes a potent IFN antagonist causative for the severe pathogenicity of the 1918 influenza strain. Our identification of molecular determinants of pathogenesis should be useful for the future design of new antiviral strategies against influenza pandemics.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0261-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2075
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
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  • 10
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    Elephant Seals reveal frontal structure and sea ice formation rates in the Southern Ocean (2008)
    In:  EPIC3SCAR/IASC Open Science Conference, 8.-11. July 2008, St. Petersburg, Russia.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Due to the low accessibility of the region, most of the seasonally ice-covered Southern Ocean remains unobserved during winter. Here we show that southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), equipped with oceanographic sensors, can measure winter hydrography with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Seals provided a 30-fold increase in hydrographic profiles from the sea ice zone, allowing the major fronts to be mapped south of 60°S. Sea-ice formation rates in the East Antarctic sector were estimated from salinity increase in the upper water column and compared to simulations with a circumpolar finite-element sea-ice ocean model. From the observations, peak freezing rates of 2.5-3 cm/d were estimated for the period from late April to early May during the rapid northward expansion of the ice cover. While the pack ice becomes more compact, sea ice formation declines to 1 cm/d in June/July, and virtually stops by the end of August, when the maximum ice extent is reached. Modeled and observed freezing rates agree remarkably well, so that the model can be used to complete the seasonal cycle. By sampling the ocean during winter, elephant seals fill a blind spot in our sampling coverage, bringing us closer to a truly global ocean observing system.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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