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  • 1
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    Investigation of thermal and electrical stabilities of a GdBCO coil using grease as an insulation material for practical superconducting applications (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper presents the effects of thermal grease on the electrical and thermal characteristics of GdBCO pancake coils, observed through charge-discharge, sudden discharge, over-current, and thermal quench testing. In charge-discharge and sudden discharge tests, a coil using thermal grease as an insulation material demonstrated faster charging/discharging rates compared to a coil without turn-to-turn insulation. In the case of over-current tests, the coil using thermal grease exhibited the highest electrical stability. Furthermore, thermal quench testing showed the coil employing thermal grease to possess superior thermal characteristics, with rapid cooling and low temperature rise. Overall, the use of thermal grease as an insulation material may be a potential solution to the problems observed with the existing insulation materials, possessing fast charging/discharging rates with superior thermal and electrical stabilities.
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Distinct Z-DNA binding mode of a PKR-like protein kinase containing a Z-DNA binding domain (PKZ) (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-20
    Description: Double-stranded ribonucleic acid-activated protein kinase (PKR) downregulates translation as a defense mechanism against viral infection. In fish species, PKZ, a PKR-like protein kinase containing left-handed deoxyribonucleic acid (Z-DNA) binding domains, performs a similar role in the antiviral response. To understand the role of PKZ in Z-DNA recognition and innate immune response, we performed structural and functional studies of the Z-DNA binding domain (Zα) of PKZ from Carassius auratus (caZα PKZ ). The 1.7-Å resolution crystal structure of caZα PKZ :Z-DNA revealed that caZα PKZ shares the overall fold with other Zα, but has discrete structural features that differentiate its DNA binding mode from others. Functional analyses of caZα PKZ and its mutants revealed that caZα PKZ mediates the fastest B-to-Z transition of DNA among Zα, and the minimal interaction for Z-DNA recognition is mediated by three backbone phosphates and six residues of caZα PKZ . Structure-based mutagenesis and B-to-Z transition assays confirmed that Lys56 located in the β-wing contributes to its fast B-to-Z transition kinetics. Investigation of the DNA binding kinetics of caZα PKZ further revealed that the B-to-Z transition rate is positively correlated with the association rate constant. Taking these results together, we conclude that the positive charge in the β-wing largely affects fast B-to-Z transition activity by enhancing the DNA binding rate.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Excitatory neuron-specific SHP2-ERK signaling network regulates synaptic plasticity and memory (2019)
    The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Mutations in RAS signaling pathway components cause diverse neurodevelopmental disorders, collectively called RASopathies. Previous studies have suggested that dysregulation in RAS–extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) activation is restricted to distinct cell types in different RASopathies. Some cases of Noonan syndrome (NS) are associated with gain-of-function mutations in the phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by 〈i〉PTPN11〈/i〉); however, SHP2 is abundant in multiple cell types, so it is unclear which cell type(s) contribute to NS phenotypes. Here, we found that expressing the NS-associated mutant SHP2〈sup〉D61G〈/sup〉 in excitatory, but not inhibitory, hippocampal neurons increased ERK signaling and impaired both long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial memory in mice, although endogenous SHP2 was expressed in both neuronal types. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the genes encoding SHP2-interacting proteins that are critical for ERK activation, such as GAB1 and GRB2, were enriched in excitatory neurons. Accordingly, expressing a dominant-negative mutant of GAB1, which reduced its interaction with SHP2〈sup〉D61G〈/sup〉, selectively in excitatory neurons, reversed SHP2〈sup〉D61G〈/sup〉-mediated deficits. Moreover, ectopic expression of GAB1 and GRB2 together with SHP2〈sup〉D61G〈/sup〉 in inhibitory neurons resulted in ERK activation. These results demonstrate that RAS-ERK signaling networks are notably different between excitatory and inhibitory neurons, accounting for the cell type–specific pathophysiology of NS and perhaps other RASopathies.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 1945-0877
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-9145
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Analytical and experimental investigation of electrical characteristics of a metallic insulation GdBCO coil (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-02
    Description: This paper presents results, experimental and analytical, of the electrical characteristics of GdBCO single-pancake coils co-wound with a brass tape as metallic insulation (MI coil). The GdBCO pancakes were subjected to sudden discharge, charge-discharge, and over-current tests. The sudden discharge and charge-discharge test results of the MI coil demonstrated that MI coils can be charged and discharged significantly faster than non-insulated coils that are wound only with GdBCO tape. In over-current tests at 150 A (1.25 I c ), the MI coil exhibited better electrical behavior, i.e., self-protecting features, than its counterpart co-wound with Kapton tape, an insulator. Moreover, the experimental and analytical results are in agreement, validating the use of a concise equivalent parallel-RL circuit model for the MI coil to characterize its electrical behavior. Overall, the MI winding technique is highly promising to help build compact, mechanically robust, and self-protecting magnets composed of REBCO pancake coils. With no organic material in the winding, MI REBCO pancakes will be immune to neutron radiation damage, making the MI winding technique a viable option for fusion reactors, such as for toroidal field, poroidal field magnets, and central solenoid.
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 5
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    Regulated virulence controls the ability of a pathogen to compete with the gut microbiota (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: The virulence mechanisms that allow pathogens to colonize the intestine remain unclear. Here, we show that germ-free animals are unable to eradicate Citrobacter rodentium, a model for human infections with attaching and effacing bacteria. Early in infection, virulence genes were expressed and required for pathogen growth in conventionally raised mice but not germ-free mice. Virulence gene expression was down-regulated during the late phase of infection, which led to relocation of the pathogen to the intestinal lumen where it was outcompeted by commensals. The ability of commensals to outcompete C. rodentium was determined, at least in part, by the capacity of the pathogen and commensals to grow on structurally similar carbohydrates. Thus, pathogen colonization is controlled by bacterial virulence and through competition with metabolically related commensals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3439148/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3439148/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kamada, Nobuhiko -- Kim, Yun-Gi -- Sham, Ho Pan -- Vallance, Bruce A -- Puente, Jose L -- Martens, Eric C -- Nunez, Gabriel -- DK091191/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK61707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK061707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK091191/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1325-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1222195. Epub 2012 May 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Load ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacteroides/*growth & development ; Citrobacter rodentium/genetics/growth & development/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology/*microbiology ; Escherichia coli/*growth & development ; Feces/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Germ-Free Life ; Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology ; Intestines/*microbiology ; *Metagenome ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Microbial Interactions ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Transcriptomic Features of Bovine Blastocysts Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (2015)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Reprogramming incompletely occurs in most somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, which results in misregulation of developmentally important genes and subsequent embryonic malfunction and lethality. Here we examined transcriptome profiles in single bovine blastocysts derived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and SCNT. Different types of donor cells, cumulus cell and ear-skin fibroblast, were used to derive cSCNT and fSCNT blastocysts, respectively. SCNT blastocysts expressed 13,606 genes on average, similar to IVF (13,542). Correlation analysis found that both cSCNT and fSCNT blastocyst groups had transcriptomic features distinctive from the IVF group, with the cSCNT transcriptomes closer to the IVF ones than the fSCNT. Gene expression analysis identified 56 underrepresented and 78 overrepresented differentially expressed genes in both SCNT groups. A 400-kb locus harboring zinc-finger protein family genes in chromosome 18 were found coordinately down-regulated in fSCNT blastocysts, showing a feature of reprogramming-resistant regions. Probing into different categories of genes important for blastocyst development revealed that genes involved in trophectoderm development frequently were underrepresented, and those encoding epigenetic modifiers tended to be overrepresented in SCNT blastocysts. Our effort to identify reprogramming-resistant, differentially expressed genes can help map reprogramming error-prone loci onto the genome and elucidate how to handle the stochastic events of reprogramming to improve cloning efficiency.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 7
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    Investigation on quench initiation and propagation characteristics of GdBCO coil co-wound with a stainless steel tape as turn-to-turn metallic insulation (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-03
    Description: This paper investigates the quench initiation and propagation characteristics of a metallic insulation (MI) coil by conducting thermal quench tests for a GdBCO single-pancake coil co-wound with a stainless steel tape as the turn-to-turn MI. The test results confirmed that the MI coil exhibited superior thermal and electrical stabilities compared to the conventional coils co-wound with organic insulation material because the operating current could flow along the radial direction due to the existence of a turn-to-turn contact when a local hot spot was generated. The results of the quench test at a heater current ( I h ) of 12, 13, and 14 A indicate that the MI coil possesses a self-protecting characteristic resulting from the “current bypass” through the turn-to-turn contact. However, the test coil was not self-protecting at I h = 15 A because the Joule heat energy generated by the radial current flow was not completely dissipated due to the characteristic resistance of the metallic insulation tape and the non-superconducting materials, including the substrate, stabilizer, and buffer layers within the high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tape. Even though the MI coil possesses superior thermal and electrical stability relative to those of conventional HTS coils co-wound with an organic material as turn-to-turn insulation, it is essential to consider the critical role of the Joule heat energy resulting from the operating current and stored magnetic energy as well as the characteristic resistances in order to further develop self-protective 2G HTS magnets.
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 8
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    The Xeno-glycomics database (XDB): a relational database of qualitative and quantitative pig glycome repertoire (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-30
    Description: : In recent years, the improvement of mass spectrometry-based glycomics techniques (i.e. highly sensitive, quantitative and high-throughput analytical tools) has enabled us to obtain a large dataset of glycans. Here we present a database named Xeno-glycomics database (XDB) that contains cell- or tissue-specific pig glycomes analyzed with mass spectrometry-based techniques, including a comprehensive pig glycan information on chemical structures, mass values, types and relative quantities. It was designed as a user-friendly web-based interface that allows users to query the database according to pig tissue/cell types or glycan masses. This database will contribute in providing qualitative and quantitative information on glycomes characterized from various pig cells/organs in xenotransplantation and might eventually provide new targets in the α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knock out pigs era. Availability: The database can be accessed on the web at http://bioinformatics.snu.ac.kr/xdb . Contact: byungkim@snu.ac.kr or ygkim@ssu.ac.kr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2059
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Active mud volcanoes on the continental slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-06
    Description: Morphologic features, 600 to 1,100 m across and elevated up to 30 m above the surrounding seafloor, interpreted to be mud volcanoes were investigated on the continental slope in the Beaufort Sea in the Canadian Arctic. Sediment cores, detailed mapping with an autonomous underwater vehicle and exploration with a remotely operated vehicle show that these are young and actively forming features experiencing ongoing eruptions. Biogenic methane and low-chloride, sodium-bicarbonate-rich waters are extruded with warm sediment that accumulates to form cones and low relief circular plateaus. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the ascending water indicate that a mixture of meteoric water, seawater, and water from clay dehydration has played a significant role in the evolution of these fluids. The venting methane supports extensive siboglinid tubeworms communities and forms some gas hydrates within the near seafloor. We believe that these are the first documented living chemosynthetic biological communities in the continental slope of the western Arctic Ocean. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AS BIOINDICATORS OF SALINITY VARIATION IN LAKE SHIHWA, SOUTH KOREA (2015)
    Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-29
    Description: Lake Shihwa suffers from trace-metal pollution discharged from the Banweol stream and the Shihwa Industrial Complex. Installation of floodgates in 2001 increased water exchange and decreased trace-metal content, thereby improving the benthic environment within the lake. We analyzed surface sediments (including grain size, pH, trace-metal concentrations), water-quality data, and the assemblages of, and prevalence of deformities in, the benthic foraminifera, to understand the effects of recent changes in salinity variability. Since spatial and temporal distributions of benthic foraminifera are known to vary in response to both biotic and abiotic environmental variables, they are useful indicators of environmental change. Since the installation of floodgates, surface-sediment composition coarsened from silt to sandy mud/muddy sand in response to increased water flow. Trace-metal contaminants (Ni, Cu and Zn) have decreased and are close to the Effect Range-Low (ER-L) designation. We identified 15 species of benthic foraminifera (3 agglutinated, 10 calcareous-hyaline, and 2 calcareous-porcelaneous). Buccella frigida and Elphidium albiumbilicatum were dominant, but seven sampling localities formed a nearly abiotic zone. Although trace contaminants have decreased, a high prevalence of test deformities (up to 65%) was observed, mostly in E. albiumbilicatum . Our findings suggest these abnormalities may be strongly related to the effects of seasonal variation of salinity in Lake Shihwa.
    Print ISSN: 0096-1191
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
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