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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 32 (1994), S. 235-259 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 189 (1985), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Aromatic ring cleavage ; Ligninase white-rot fungi ; Veratryl alcohol
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Feed Science and Technology 20 (1988), S. 325-326 
    ISSN: 0377-8401
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Meßsystem, bestehend aus einem miniaturisierten Enzymreaktor und einer neuartigen Ammonium-Minielektrode, wurde für Harnstoffbestimmungen in 10-μl-Proben entwickelt. Im Hinblick auf eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit der Meßwerte wurde ein nichtkontinuierliches Verfahren erarbeitet. Die Parameter des Meßverfahrens wurden sorgfältig optimiert. Die Anwendbarkeit des Harnstoff-Analysators wurde an 122 Blutserumproben von Patienten überprüft. Die Ergebnisse der enzymatisch-potentiometrischen Bestimmungsmethode korrelierten ausgezeichnet mit jenen der Diacetylmonoxim-Referenzmethode. Die relative Streuung um die entsprechenden Regressionsgeraden (Steigung 1.0) betrug ±6% für einen Harnstoff-Konzentrationsbereich von 1–45 mM.
    Notes: Summary A system consisting of a miniaturized enzyme reactor and a novel ammonium-selective minielectrode was designed for urea determinations in 10-μl samples. A discontinuous technique was devised in view of a high measurement reproducibility. The parameters of the measuring procedure were carefully optimized. The applicability of the urea analyzer was tested using 122 blood serum samples from patients. The results of the enzymatic/potentiometric method agreed favorably with the reference values determined by the diacetyl monoxime method. The relative residual standard deviation found for such linear correlations (slope 1.0) was ±6% over the 1 to 45 mM urea range.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 81 (1983), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse einer theoretischen Abhandlung über Enzymreaktoren und Enzymelektroden werden zusammengefaßt und die Anwendungsbereiche des Modells diskutiert. Das Leistungsverhalten eines miniaturisierten Urease-Reaktors (in Kombination mit einer ionenselektiven Elektroden-Meßzelle) wurde auf der Grundlage dieser Theorie analysiert. Der frisch hergestellte Reaktor bewirkte in Substratlösungen einen Reaktionsumsatz von ∼100%. Das Altern des Reaktors wurde quantitativ untersucht, indem die Meßwerte mit berechneten Kurven verglichen und die entsprechenden kinetischen Parameter abgeleitet wurden. Als limitierend für die Lebensdauer des Reaktors erwies sich die nach einem exponentiellen Zerfallsgesetz erfolgende Abnahme der Enzymaktivität.
    Notes: Summary The key results of a theoretical model of immobilized-enzyme reactors and enzyme electrodes are summarized, and the applicability of the theory is discussed. The model was used to analyze the performance of a miniaturized urease reactor (coupled to an ionselective electrode cell). For the freshly prepared reactor a substrate-conversion efficiency of ∼100% was established. Aging of the reactor was quantitatively studied by fitting theoretical curves to experimental response data and evaluation of the kinetic parameters. The life time turned out to be limited by an exponential decay of enzyme activity.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Plant parasitic nematodes are a serious threat for crop production worldwide. This review summarizes our understanding of plant nematode interactions and presents new alternatives for nematode control in the field. Breeding for resistance has been a major goal for many important crop species like soybean, potato, tomato and sugar-beet. As a result numerous nematode-resistance genes have been identified, two of which have been cloned recently, Hs1 pro-1 from sugar-beet, giving resistance to the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, and Mi from tomato, giving resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Also artificial resistance genes, coding for nematotoxic proteins or causing rapid death of feeding cells, have been elucidated. In the future, genetic engineering of nematode resistance will become more and more important for plant breeding. Transformation techniques will allow genes to be quickly introduced into susceptible breeding lines and then combined with each other to produce plant varieties with durable resistance.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 57 (1995), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Trabecular orientation ; Osteoarthritis ; Medial tibial condyle ; Subchondral sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In osteoarthritis of the knee, degenerative changes occur in the articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone, particularly of the medial tibial condyle. Cancellous bone sclerosis that accompanies osteoarthritis is not only the result of an increase in bone volume fraction but also a change in trabecular structure. In a comparison with agematched controls (n=4), osteoarthritis (n=11) demonstrated a significant (P≤0.05) increase in bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness. Overal trabecular orientation in the osteoarthritic group was more vertical or perpendicular to the articular surface than the control group (P≤0.05) especially in the trabeculae of the cancellous bone layer closest to the articular surface. These alterations in trabecular bone structure could have significant consequences for the mechanical properties of osteoarthritic bone.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Larvenschlupf ; Sterilisationsverfahren ; Entwicklungszyklus der Nematoden im Nährager ; in vitro-Nematodenpopulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A monoxenicin vitro culture technique can distinguish small differences in the presumed polygenically determined resistance reactions of potato genotypes toGlobodera pallida (Stone) Behrens (Pa3) and can be used in selection. The basis for such a resistance test is the simple and reproducible cultivation ofG. pallida with the aim of achieving the complete life cycle of the nematode under monoxenic conditions. A routine practical technique was developed for hatching the juveniles in a closed system (Figure 1). This was achieved by the introduction of a hatching solution which was a mixture of root washings and 0.6 mmol l−1 picrolonic acid with a pH of 5.9 (=pH value of the nutrient agar). Using special hatching tubes the juveniles from 1000 cysts per tube could be hatched and counted within 2 or 3 days, as shown by experiment (Figure 3). Finally, the juveniles were surface sterilised in a special apparatus and distributed serially to the test genotypes (Figure 2). A density of 1000 juveniles per genotype gave the highest nematode infection (Figure 4) but allowance must be made for the surface sterilisation which in giving a high standard of asepsis killed up to 80% of the juveniles. At the same time especially vital juveniles were selected, thereby guaranteeing that the test was stringent and unequivocal. A variant of the technique used germ-free cysts which had been formed under monoxenic conditions. These were removed and crushed. The hatching effect of the genotypes' roots meant that 500 nematode eggs were sufficient for high infection. The test scores were based on the development within the roots of invading juveniles which could be observed continuously with a stereomicroscope. Males (Figure 5) and females (Figure 6) could be easily distinguished at low magnification (x10) 3–4 weeks and 4–6 weeks after the introduction of surface sterilised juveniles and monoxenically cultivated cysts respectively.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch die monoxenischein vitro-Kultivierung können geringe quantitative Unterschiede in der vermutlich polygen-vererbten Resistenzreaktion von Kartoffelgenotypen gegenüberGlobodera pallida (Stone) Behrens (Pa3) festgestellt und für die Selektion verwendet werden. Grundvoraussetzung hierfür ist die einfache und reproduzierbarein vitro-Kultivierung vonG. pallida. Für die Schlupfaktivierung, die Oberflächensterilisation und die Zugabe definierter Larvendichten wurden routinemässig durchführbare Verfahren entwickelt, die einen vollständigen Lebenszyklus der Nematoden unter monoxenischen Bedingungen ermöglichen. Die aus dieserin vitro-Population gewonnenen keimfreien Zysten können für eine vereinfachte Resistenzprüfung eingesetzt werden. Die Testauswertung orientiert sich an der Entwicklung der in die Wurzeln eingedrungenen Larven. Sie kann mit einem Stereomikroskop kontinuierlich beobachtet werden.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum spp. L. ; Resistenzkriterien ; Populationsentwicklung ; Topfkulturtest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A monoxenicin vitro test, which was developed for selecting resistance in potato genotypes toGlobodera pallida (Stone) Behrens, can distinguish small differences in the resistance reaction, presumed to be polygenically controlled. To establish meaningful criteria for resistance, a number of characters which could be assessed rapidly were determined (number of necrotic root areas, number of invading juveniles but not yet sexually differentiated, number of juveniles developing as males and females, number of juveniles with arrested development). Assessments were made 21, 35 and 49 days after the introduction of 1000 freshly hatched juveniles ofG. pallida Pa3- population ‘Frenswegen’ per test Petri dish. Because of differences in levels of juvenile invasion per genotype (number of necrotic root areas) and differentiated individuals (Table 1), to make genotypic comparisons, it was necessary to consider other resistance criteria along with percentage juvenilie invasion. The ratio of males to females was shown to be the most reliable criterion of resistance. There was a higher proportion of females than males on susceptible, andG. rostochiensis resistant genotypes than onG. pallida resistant genotypes on which males predominated (Table 1). A further subdivision of theG. pallida resistant genotypes was possible using the increased occurrence of necrotic root areas, and juveniles with arrested development. A scheme was constructed for rating the effect of genotypes on the characteristic development of the nematode populations. It contained four groups: susceptible reaction (Figure 1), weakly expressed resistance (Figure 2), expressed resistance (Figure 3) and strongly expressed resistance (Figure 4). Female counts from pot tests with particular genotypes were in general agreement with the results from the monoxenic resistance test (Table 1).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Resistenzselektion von Kartoffelgenotypen gegenGlobodera pallida (Stone) Beharens (Pa3) wurde ein monoxenischerin vitro-Test entwickelt, der die Auswertung geringer quantitativer Unterschiede in der vermutlich polygen-vererbten Resistenzreaktion erlaubt. Hierzu wurde das aussagekräftigste Resistenzkriterium an 30 unterschiedlich resistenten Genotypen bestimmt. An den anfälligen undG. rostochiensis-resistenten Genotypen entwickelte sich immer ein höherer Anteil Weibchen als Männchen, im Gegensatz zu denG. pallida-resistenten Genotypen, bei denen die Männchen überwogen. Eine weitere Unterteilung derG. pallida-resistenten Genotypen war durch das erhöhte Auftreten nekrotisierter Wurzelbereiche und durch Larven mit stagnierender Entwicklung möglich. Zur Bewertung des Einflusses der Genotypen auf die charakteristische Populationsentwicklung des Nematoden wurde ein Schema mit vier Gruppen erstellt. Die Überprüfung der untersuchten Genotypen in einem Topfkulturetest zeigte eine Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen aus dem monoxenischen Resistenztests.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum spp. L. ; Sämlinge ; Knollen ; Sterilisationsverfahren ; Stengelstecklinge ; Sterilkultur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A monoxenic resistance test for routine use was developed to determine the resistance of potato genotypes to the cyst nematodeGlobodera pallida (Stone) Behrens. The basis of the procedure is the aseptic cultivation of the genotypes under test in a nutrient medium in defined conditions. It was possible with it to observe invasion, the development of the nematodes, as well as the dimensions of their feeding cells in the transparent potato roots. Small, quantitative differences, due presumably to the polygenically determined resistance reactions of the genotypes, could be distinguished, and selection for resistance was feasible. For routine trials special procedures were developed using surface sterilisation of potato seed and etiolated sprouts which gave high levels of sterility. The genotypes from seeds could be tested directly, but those from etiolated sprouts had to be prepared by stem cutting. A root system was obtained which correlated with known ratings. Each genotype established from seed and etiolated shoots, developed at different rates, as did their root systems, and no definite timespan could be set before nematode introduction. Growing the cultivars under light before the test resulted in faster root development (Table 2), and a higher nematode infestation than in darkness (Figure 4). The time for nematode inoculation was determined by a rating system based on the location of the perimeter of the root system (Figure 5). In this way physiological factors and the individual growth rate of each genotype were allowed for, with the aim of assessing possibly high levels of nematode infection. At the end of the test the seedling genotypes can be removed from sterile culture and grown on in pots. Where genotypes form minitubers (Table 1) it is possible to proceed early to the next stage in cultivation or to store them trouble-free.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur routinemässigen Resistenzbestimmung von Kartoffelgenotypen gegenüberGlobodera pallida (Stone) Behrens (Pa3) wurde ein monoxenischesin vitro-Verfahren entwickelt, dessen Grundlage die keimfreie Kultivierung der Testgenotypen in einem Nähragarmedium unter definierten Bedingungen war. Dadurch konnte die vollständige Entwicklung der Nematoden sowie die Dimension ihres Nährzellensystems in den transparenten Kartoffelwurzeln kontinuierlich beobachtet werden. Der Test ermöglichte die Selektion resistenter Genotypen anhand geringer quantitativer Unterschiede in der vermutlich polygen-vererbten Resistenzreaktion. Für die Anzucht keimfreier Pflanzen aus Kartoffelsamen und- knollen wurden spezielle Verfahren entwickelt und an mehreren Genotypen geprüft. Die dabei festgestellte Variabilität, insbesondere bei der Wurzelbildung, erforderte für den geeigneten Zeipunkt der Nematodenzugabe die Ausarbeitung eines Wurzelboniturschemas. Die Genotypen konnten nach dem Test in Töpfen weiterkultiviert werden.
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