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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 219 (1968), S. 1388-1389 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seeds of Zea mays, Avena sativa, Triticum vulgare, Pisum sativum and Helianthus annuus were germinated in darkness at 25 C and when the primary root was 20-30 mm long, a 6 mm segment was excised 1 mm behind the apex. Twenty segments were placed vertically with either their apical or basal ends on a ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 208 (1965), S. 990-992 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WHEN a plant shoot, such as the coleoptile of A vena sativa arid Zea mays or the hypocotyl of Helianthus annuus, is placed in the horizontal position, a potential difference develops between the upper and lower surfaces, the lower becoming positively charged with respect to the upper. This ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 191 (1961), S. 686-688 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] LEAVES excised from the succulent plant Bryo-1 J phy Hum fedtschenkoi and maintained in darkness, at a constant temperature of 26 C., and in an air-stream initially free of carbon dioxide, exhibit an endogenous circadian rhythm in their rate of carbon dioxide emission1,2. The rhythm is inhibited by ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 187 (1960), S. 523-525 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] If leaves are illuminated for 3 (Fig. L4) or 6 hr. at an intensity of 3,000 lux between the peaks the phase is reset so that the first post-treatment peak occurs approximately 19 hr. after the end of the treatment. The degree of phase shift is therefore determined not by the duration of the ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) was tested in crude extracts of leaves from Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi plants growing under alternating light/darkness as well as in excised leaves kept in continuous light or darkness. In most extracts NR activity was inhibited 20–80% by 5 mM Mg2+ A light or darkness shift (30 min darkness) during the first part of the photoperiod gave an increase in the Mg2+ inhibition and a decrease in NR activity. Magnesium ion inhibition of NR also showed diurnal variations. Strongest inhibition was found in extracts made during the latter part of the photoperiod and start of the dark period. Pre-incubation of crude extracts with ATP increased Mg2+ inhibition, indicating that phosphorylation of NR is involved in regulation of NR in Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. In continuous light an increase in Mg2+ inhibition occurred after 20 h and 40 h, indicating a rhythm in the phosphorylation of NR. A delay in the production of nitrite in the assay (hysteresis) was generally seen in extracts susceptible to Mg2+ inhibition. The rhythms related to NR activity showed the same period length (20 h) as the rhythm in CO2 exchange. However, in contrast to the rhythm in CO2 exchange, NR rhythms were strongly damped in continuous light. In constant darkness the rhythms were even more damped. The results show that post-translational modification of CAM NR is influenced by light/darkness and by an endogenous rhythm.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 226 (1970), S. 558-559 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The roots were grown in darkness and a humid atmosphere at 25 C for 72 h, as described by Scott and Wilkins2. They were then brought out into white fluorescent light and either the whole or a part of the root cap was removed with fine forceps under a binocular microscope. Samples of roots were ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bryophyllum ; Circadian rhythm ; Carbon dioxide assimilation ; Carbon dioxide enrichment ; Malate ; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The circadian rhythm of CO2 assimilation in detached leaves of Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi at 15° C in normal air and continuous illumination is inhibited both by exposure to darkness, and to an atmosphere enriched with 5% CO2. During such exposures substantial fixation of CO2 takes place, and the malate concentration in the cell sap increases from about 20 mM to a constant value of 40–50 mM after 16 h. On transferring the darkened leaves to light, and those exposed to 5% CO2 to normal air, a circadian rhythm of CO2 assimilation begins again. The phase of this rhythm is determined by the time the transfer is made since the first peak occurs about 24 h afterwards. This finding indicates that the circadian oscillator is driven to, and held at, an identical, fixed phase point in its cycle after 16 h exposure to darkness or to 5% CO2, and it is from this phase point that oscillation begins after the inhibiting condition is removed. This fixed phase point is characterised by the leaves having acquired a high malate content. The rhythm therefore begins with a period of malate decarboxylation which lasts for about 8 h, during which time the malate content of the leaf cells must be reduced to a value that allows phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to become active. Inhibition of the rhythm in darkness, and on exposure to 5% CO2 in continuous illumination, appears to be due to the presence of a high concentration of CO2 within the leaf inhibiting malic enzyme which leads to the accumulation of high concentrations of malate in the leaf cells. The malate then allosterically inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase upon which the rhythm depends. The results give support to the view that malate synthesis and breakdown form an integral part of the circadian oscillator in this tissue.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bryophyllum ; Circadian rhythm ; CO2 assimilation ; Malate ; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; Temperature and circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rhythm of CO2 assimilation exhibited by leaves of Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi maintained in light and normal air occurs only at constant ambient temperatures between 10°C and 30°C. Over this range the period increases linearly with increasing temperature from the extremely low value of 15.7 h to 23.3 h, but shows a considerable degree of temperature compensation. Outside the range 10°C–30°C the rhythm is inhibited but re-starts on changing the temperature to 15°C. Prolonged exposure of leaves to high (40°C) and low (2°C) temperature inhibits the rhythm by driving the basic oscillator to fixed phase points in the cycle which differ by 180°, and which have been characterised in terms of the malate status of the leaf cells. At both temperatures loss of the circadian rhythm of CO2 assimilation is due to the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity, but the inhibition is apparently achieved in different ways at 40°C and 2°C. High temperature appears to inhibit directly PEPCase activity, but not the activity of the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of malate, with the result that the leaf acquires a low malate status. In contrast, low temperature does not directly inhibit PEPCase activity, but does inhibit enzymes responsible for malate breakdown, so that the malate level in the leaf increases to a high value and PEPCase is eventually allosterically inhibited. The different malate status of leaves held at these two temperatures accounts for the phases of the rhythms being reversed on returning the leaves to 15°C. After exposure to high temperature, CO2 fixation by PEPCase activity can begin immediately, whereas after exposure to low temperature, the large amount of malate accumulated in the leaves has to be decarboxylated before CO2 fixation can begin.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Abgetrennte Blätter der sukkulenten Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi weisen im Dauerdunkel einen circadianen Rhythmus des Kohlendioxydstoffwechsels auf. Die Abhängigkeit des diesen Rhythmus steuernden Schwingungssystems vom aeroben Stoffwechsel wurde geprüft, indem den Blättern während verschiedener Perioden und in verschiedenen Phasen des Cyclus Sauerstoff entzogen wurde. Der Cyclus wurde durch sechsstündige Perioden anaerober Bedingungen abgetastet. Dabei zeigte sich, daß eine dauernde Phasenverschiebung nur dann hervorgerufen wird, wenn der Sauerstoffentzug zwischen den Höhepunkten der Kohlendioxdabgabe erfolgt, zu Zeiten also, zu denen die sauerstoffabhängige Dunkel-Fixierung des Kohlendioxys den höchsten Wert erreicht. In dieser Phase des Cyclus entspricht die hervorgerufene Verzögerung ungefähr der Dauer des Sauerstoffentzugs. Die Verzögerung des Maximums ist et was größer als die Verzögerungen der späteren Maxima. Eine Verzögerung tritt aber dann nicht ein, wenn den Blättern Sauerstoff während der Zeit bis zur 6. Std. vor dem höchsten Gipfel der Kohlendioxydproduktion entzogen wird, d.h. zu Zeiten, in denen die Dunkel-Fixierung des Kohlendioxyds entweder gering oder null ist. Eine weitere Verlängerung der Behandlung aber ruft eine Verzögerung hervor, die kürzer als die Periode ist, während deren den Blättern der Sauerstoff entzogen wird. Diese Resultate werden in bezug auf den Mechanismus des Schwingungssystems bei Blättern von Bryophyllum diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Excised leaves of the succulent plant Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi exhibit a circadian rhythm of carbon dioxide metabolism in prolonged darkness. The extent to which the basic oscillating system controlling this rhythm depends upon aerobic metabolism has been ascertained by depriving the leaves of oxygen for various times at different phases of the cycle. Scanning the cycle with a 6-hour period of anaerobic conditions revealed a permanent phase shift to be induced only when oxygen deprivation occurs between the peaks of carbon dioxide output when the oxygen dependent “dark” fixation of carbon dioxide is occurring at a maximum rate. In this part of the cycle the delay induced is approximately equal to the duration of the treatment. The delay of the first post-treatment peak is slightly greater than that of subsequent peaks. No delay is induced by depriving the leaves of oxygen for up to 6 hours near the apex of a peak of the rhythm of CO2 output when the rate of “dark” fixation of carbon dioxide is either very low or zero, but further prolongation of the treatment induces a delay which is less than the length of time for which the leaves are deprived of oxygen. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the oscillating system in leaves of Bryophyllum.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bryophyllum ; Circadian rhythm ; CO2 output ; Phytochrome ; Red light ; Rhythm (circadian)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rhythm of carbon dioxide output in Bryophyllum leaves was entrained on exposure to 0.25 h of white light every 24 h. Entrainment also occurred on similar exposure to monochromatic radiation in spectral bands centred at 660 nm and, to a lesser extent, at 730 nm, but a band centred at 450 nm was without effect. A “skeleton” irradiation programme comprising two 0.25-h exposures to white light per 24 h also entrained the rhythm when the intervening dark periods were either 7.5 h and 16 h, or 10.5 h and 13 h. The rhythm disappeared when the two exposures were separated by 11.5-h and 12-h dark periods. Regular 0.25-h exposures to red light separated by 11.75-h periods of darkness also resulted in loss of the rhythm. Red/far-red reversibility was observed in irradiation schedules having either one or two exposures to red light daily. In the latter case, far-red reversal of the effects of one of the exposures to red light resulted in entrainment of the rhythm by the other, instead of abolition of the rhythm. The occurrence of distinct red/far-red reversibility suggests strongly that phytochrome is the pigment involved in entrainment of this rhythm by cycles of light and darkness.
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