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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fecundity and egg distribution of the herbivore Spodoptera pectinicornis as influenced by quality of the floating aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 295-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fecundity ; host plant quality ; Pistia stratiotes ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; nitrogen ; trichomes ; oviposition ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We determined the influence of larval host quality of the floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) on the fecundity and egg distribution of the biological control agent Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Different nutritional levels were produced by growing plants with relatively low and high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Female and male pupal biomass were significantly greater when the larvae were fed leaves from the high fertilizer plants. Although the fertilizer treatments did not significantly influence total fecundity, there was an indirect effect as adults from larger pupae were more fecund. Regardless of treatment, ovipositing females formed a depression in the leaf surface by removing trichomes into which they deposited the egg masses. Most of the egg masses were laid on the lower leaf surface, on leaf positions 5–8 (counting from the young inner to the outer leaves) and during days 1–2 post-eclosion. Most of the eggs were laid in masses but about 12% were solitary. Females fed the low fertilizer treatment laid a greater proportion (mean ± s.e.) of their eggs as solitary eggs (17.3 ± 3.4% of total eggs) than did females fed the high fertilizer treatment (8.3 ± 2.3% of total eggs). The increased percentage of solitary eggs laid by the females from the low quality larval diet may be an adaptive response to decrease competition among the progeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003193220069
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval parasitoids and pathogens of the fall armyworm in honduran maize (1989)
    Springer
    BioControl 34 (1989), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; fall armyworm ; natural enemies ; parasitoid ; pathogens ; maize ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; gusano cogollero ; enemigos naturales ; parasitoide ; entomopathógenos ; maiz ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; ennemis naturels ; parasitoïdes ; pathogène ; maïs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El parasitismo por enemigos naturales del gusano cogollero,Spodoptera frugiperda en todos sus ínstares larvales, fué evaluado en cinco campos de maíz en Honduras, Centro America, durante la temporada de siembra de 1984. El complejo de enemigos naturales mató el 42% de las larvas de cogollero. El parasitoide braconido,Chelonus insularis, fué el enemigo natural más común, constituyendo el 36.8% del complejo y causando una mortalidad del 15.5% de las larvas. Otros enemigos naturales importantes fueron el nemátodoHexamermis sp., la mosca tachínidaLespesia sp., y el hongo imperfecto entomopatogénicoNomuraea rileyi. Rangos específicos de los ínstares larvales del cogollero fueron atacados por varias especies de enemigos naturales.Chelonus insularis fué un enemigo natural importante del cogollero en todas las densidades de larvas muestreadas.
    Abstract: Résumé Le parasitisme dû aux ennemis naturels de tous les stades larvaires de la NoctuelleSpodoptera frugiperda a été quantifié dans 5 champs de maïs au Honduras, en 1984, durant la saison. Au total, 42% des larves hôtes ont été tuées par le complexe des ennemis naturels. Le Braconide parasitoïdeChelonus insularis était l'ennemi naturel le plus commun; il représentait 36,8% du complexe, causant 15,5% de la mortalité des larves de la Noctuelle. Les autres ennemis naturels importants comprenaient le nématodeHexamermis sp., la tachinaireLespesia sp. et le champignon entomopathogèneNomuraea rileyi. Des échantillons variés de stades larvaires ont été attaqués par plusieurs espèces d'ennemis naturels.Chelonus insularis était un important ennemi naturel de la Noctuelle à toutes les densités larvaires observées.
    Notes: Abstract Parasitism by natural enemies of all larval instars of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda, was quantified in 5 Honduran maize fields during the 1984 growing season. Overall, 42.0% of the host larvae were killed by the natural enemy complex. The braconid parasitoidChelonus insularis was the most common natural enemy accounting for 36.8% of the complex and causing 15.5% mortality of FAW larvae. Other important natural enemies included the nematodeHexamermis sp., the tachinidLespesia sp. and the imperfect entomopathogenic fungusNomuraea rileyi. Distinct ranges of larval instars were attacked by several natural enemy species.Chelonus insularis was an important FAW natural enemy at all larval densities observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372472
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fall armyworm sensitivity to flavone: Limited role of constitutive and induced detoxifying enzyme activity (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 645-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Detoxification ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flavone ; induction ; polysubstrate monooxygenase ; glutathione transferase ; general esterase ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We used inhibition and induction of detoxifying enzymes to determine whether these enzymes allow a generalist species (Spodoptera frugiperda; fall armyworms) to cope with ingestion of the flavonoid, flavone. Flavone induces polysubstrate monooxygenases (PSMO), general esterases (GE), and glutathioneS-transferases (GST) inS. frugiperda, yet this species is affected deleteriously by low dietary concentrations of this allelochemical. First, in a series of experiments, larvae were fed artificial diets containing increasing concentrations of flavone, either alone or with known inhibitors of either PSMO, GE, or GST enzymes. In an additional treatment, flavone and inhibitors of all three enzyme systems were administered in diets simultaneously. PSMO and GE activities were reduced in vivo by their respective inhibitors, whereas that of GST was induced or unchanged. Significant synergism of flavone's growth-reducing activity occurred at the highest concentration tested (0.125% fresh mass, fm) when the PSMO inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, or the GST inhibitor, diethyl maleate, was added to the diet, and at 0.08% fm flavone, when combined with the GE inhibitor, tri-tolyl phosphate. In many cases, however, the additive effect (i.e., reduction in growth owing to flavone alone + inhibitor alone) was greater than the synergistic effect, and no synergism occurred in the treatment with the three inhibitors combined. In the second approach, caterpillars were preexposed to a concentration of flavone (0.02% fm) that induced these enzymes ca. 1.5- to 2.5-fold, prior to switching larvae to a diet containing a higher (growth-reducing) flavone concentration (0.125% fm). The relative growth rates (RGR) of induced larvae were significantly greater (14%) than those of the uninduced larvae on the 0.125% fm flavone diet. Additionally, in two of the three experiments, relative consumption rate (RCR) was significantly greater (7–24%) in induced compared with uninduced larvae. The variable responses to inhibitor treatment and the relatively small benefit of enzyme induction suggest that these enzyme systems have minimal impact on the detoxification of flavone inS. frugiperda, even though this allelochemical induces enzyme activity and has been reported to be metabolized in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984999
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory colonization has not reduced constitutive or induced polysubstrate monooxygenase activity in velvetbean caterpillars (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1313-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemical ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; detoxification ; field strain ; flavone ; Indigofera hirsuta ; induction ; laboratory colony ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; polysubstrate monooxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated whether velvetbean caterpillars (Anticarsia gemmatalis) from a laboratory colony had reduced constitutive (basal) and/or induced activities of their polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSMO) detoxification enzyme system as a result of long-term rearing (〉 100 generations) on artificial diet without introduction of field-collected individuals. Larvae from the laboratory colony and those from a recently collected field strain were fed either a standard artificial diet (control), one containing the inducing allelochemical, flavone, or foliage ofIndigofera hirsuta (a host plant of this species), and their midgut PSMO activity was assessed by measuring the in vitro rate of aldrin epoxidation. Compared with the field-strain larvae, caterpillars from the laboratory colony had 1.9-fold greater constitutive activity (standard artificial diet) and 2.3-fold greater induced activity (flavone-treated diet). In addition, the magnitude of induction was somewhat greater for the laboratory-colony larvae (induced activity was 2.0-fold greater than constitutive activity) compared with those from the field-strain (1.6-fold). In contrast, no difference in strain activity was found when larvae were fedI. hirsuta foliage. The lower PSMO activity of the field-strain larvae when fed artificial diet may have been caused by their reduced feeding and growth performance compared with laboratory-colony larvae, and it may explain their greater sensitivity to allelochemicals incorporated in the artificial diet, as we found previously. The results of this study indicate that long-term rearing of theA. gemmatalis laboratory colony on artificial diet, without the introduction of field individuals, apparently has not selected for low constitutive activity or decreased inducibility of PSMO, and thus these larvae provide a suitable model for studying xenobiotic detoxication. In addition, they suggest that using an artificial diet to evaluate resistance to pesticides or other xenobiotics in fieldcollected insects, as is frequently done, may underestimate the level of resistance if the diet, through various causes, reduces the activity of detoxification enzymes contributing to the resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994358
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Caterpillars' compensatory feeding response to diluted nutrients leads to toxic allelochemical dose (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 171-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Allelochemical ; caffeine ; compensatory feeding ; costs ; diet dilution ; nutritional ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many herbivores increase their consumption rate as dietary nutrient concentration declines. This compensatory response can mitigate the fitness-lowering impact of reduced food quality, but little is known about its costs. In this study we tested the hypothesis that one cost to a faster consumption rate can be the ingestion of a toxic dose of an allelochemical occurring in the food. We fed velvetbean caterpillars a diet with progressively diluted nutrient levels but containing the same concentration (% fresh mass, fm) of caffeine, a methylxanthine alkaloid. Larvae compensated for the reduced nutrient level, with those fed the most diluted diet increasing their biomass-relative consumption rate (fm) 2.6-fold over larvae fed the undiluted diet. Consequently, their rate of caffeine ingestion increased to a pharmacologically effective dose, interfering with food utilization, slowing growth, reducing subsequent feeding and lowering survival. These results suggest that greater allelochemical ingestion can be one cost of an increased consumption rate, although additional studies with other allelochemicals and species are necessary to more broadly evaluate whether insects can adaptively balance their intake of nutrients and allelochemicals through adjustments in consumption rate. In addition, these results highlight the importance of measuring consumption rates of allelochemicals and other ingested biocides, not just their dietary concentration, when assessing efficacy against herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221368
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antipredatory Activity of the Weevil Oxyops vitiosa: A Biological Control Agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 915-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Oxyops vitiosa ; Melaleuca quinquenervia ; Solenopsis invicta ; predation ; chemical defense ; Curculionida ; Myrtaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of the leaf-feeding weevil Oxyops vitiosa, a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia, are covered with a viscous orange coating that is thought to protect against generalist predators. This coating is gradually lost as the larvae drop to the ground and pupate in subterranean pupal cells. To test the antipredator activity of this species, four immature life stages (early instars, late instars, prepupae, pupae) were exposed to a common generalist predator, the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Choice tests were conducted by placing an O. vitiosa individual and a control larva of the weevil Neochetina eichhorniae into an arena containing a S. invicta colony and observing subsequent ant behaviors. S. invicta workers contacted O. vitiosa early instars, late instars, and prepupae less frequently than control N. eichhorniae larvae, and upon contact S. invicta was less likely to behave aggressively toward these O. vitiosa life stages than toward N. eichhorniae larvae. However, S. invicta contacted, attacked, and consumed naked (nonencased) O. vitiosa pupae and N. eichhorniae larvae with equal frequency. Encased O. vitiosa pupae buried in sand were not attacked compared to susceptible encased pupae on the sand surface. By shifting from a chemical defense during the larval stages to a physical defense during the pupal stage, O. vitiosa reduces the risk of attack by this generalist predator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007870703128
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  • 7
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    Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius) in Florida and South America: evidence of a possible niche shift driven by hybridization (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-27
    Print ISSN: 1387-3547
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1464
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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