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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Conservation 69 (1994), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 0006-3207
    Keywords: Mosbeek ; Scorpidium revolvens ; Twente ; mosses ; water chemistry
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Dordrecht : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Synthese. 8:3/5 (1950/1951) 194 
    ISSN: 0039-7857
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Description / Table of Contents: BIOLOGY
    Notes: FIFTH INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICAL SUMMER CONFERENCE: CINQUIEME CONFERENCE D'ETE INTERNATIONALE DE LINGUISTIQUE PSYCHOLOGIQUE: ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SIGNIFICS 's-Graveland (Netherlands), August 20-25, 1949
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In some psammophilous plant communities of the xerosere of dunes poor in lime and in some halophilous plant communities of the sand halosere on the salt marsh, both on the Dutch Westfrisian island of Terschelling, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the roots of a number of species has been investigated. At the same time within the respective ecosystemes the soil reaction and the base saturation degree of the soil have been determined. The roots were directly taken from the natural habitats. Dicotylous roots in very acidophilous communities on soil poor in nutrients and with a low saturation degree of the adsorption complex presented lower CEC values than similar roots in basiphilous communities on soils rich in nutrients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Psammophile Pflanzengesellschaften der Dünen und halophile Gesellschaften der Groden und Spülsäume wurden auf die Kationenaustauschkapazität (CEC) ihrer Wurzeln geprüft und gleichzeitig die Bodenreaktion und Basensättigung ermittelt. Bei diesen vom natürlichen Standort stammenden Wurzeln ergaben sich in den stark azidophilen Assoziationen auf nährstoffarmen Böden mit sehr geringem Sättigungsgrad des Sorptionskomplexes niedrigere CEC-Werte als auf basenreichen Böden.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 27 (1973), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 62 (1985), S. 523-532 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Dunes ; External management ; Internal management ; Nature management ; Salt marsh ; Western Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The general environmental characteristics of West European coastal dunes and those of salt marshes are outlined. It is pointed out that the dynamical character of the dune system with its interaction between plants and sand in building and degeneration phases has been known for a much longer period of time than generally believed. As to the salt marshes the special significance is discussed of ungrazed marshes; the majority of the marshes having been under a grazing regime for a long time is elucidated. The distinction between internal management is mentioned, i.e. the measures taken to maintain or improve the qualities of an area, versus external management, i.e. the measures to prevent or counteract negative influences from outside the area.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 5-6 (1954), S. 586-594 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 43 (1980), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 19 (1969), S. 330-388 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Botanische Bedeutung des “Drentse district”. Die Biologische Station von Wijster liegt nahezu im Mittelpunkt des sog. “Drentse district” (weiterhin mit “Dr” angegeben), einem der 11 pflanzengeographischen Bezirke der Niederlande. Er reicht noch bis nach NW-Deutschland hinein und besteht hauptsächlich aus basenarmen fluvioglazialen Sanden und Flugsanden auf unterlagerndem Geschiebelehm. Das Klima trägt boreo-atlantische Prägung mit ziemlich hohen Niederschlägen (725–815 mm/Jahr), mit wenig Sonnentagen, dem höchsten N/S Quotienten der Niederlande (Sommersemester), mit den kältesten Wintern und den kältesten Nächten während des ganzen Jahres. Die Flora an sich ist ziemlich arm, jedoch besitzt sie einen hohen Anteil an borealen und atlantischen Arten: 138 boreale Gefäßpflanzen, Moose und Flechten, von denen 49 ihre Hauptverbreitung innerhalb der Niederlande in diesem Bezirk haben (vergl. Artenliste) und 124 (sub) atlantische Spezies, von denen allein 18 — was die Niederlande anbetrifft — überwiegend in Dr gefunden werden (vergl. Artenliste). Unter den nordischen Arten befinden sich sogar einige subarktische Vertreter, die somit weit getrennt von ihrem skandinavischen Hauptverbreitungsgebiet vorkommen wie Carex aquatilis, Cornus suecica und Sphagnum majus (= S. dusenii). Ausführlich wird an Hand von mehreren Gründen aufgezeigt, daß die Theorie der “Glazialrelikte” höchst unwahrscheinlich ist; das gilt selbst für die charakteristischen Moose und Flechten an den Findlingen der in Dr so häufig anzutreffenden Hünengräber. Viele nichtboreale und nichtatlantische Arten zeigen in Dr ein boreales bzw. atlantisches Verhalten. Ursprünglich war das Gebiet fast vollständig mit Laubwäldern (vorwiegend Eiche) und ombrotrophen Mooren bedeckt. Letztere umfaßten die größten kontinentalen Vorkommen NW-Europas. Von beidem ist nur noch sehr wenig erhalten geblieben. Sehr früh schon, vor 1500 v. Chr., begann man, die trockeneren Wälder in Heideland überzuführen, das vollkommen das Landschaftsbild beherrschte, bis um 1900 n. Chr. tiefgreifende Maßnahmen der Urbarmachung einsetzten. Die hervorstechendsten Merkmale der heutigen naturnahen und halbnatürlichen Vegetation sind folgende: Auf mäßig reichen, flachgründigen Sanden über Geschiebelehm erscheint eine besondere Ausbildungsform des Eichenwaldes mit einem dichten Unterwuchs von Stechpalme bis zu 8 m Höhe und mit einigen bemerkenswerten Arten wie Trientalis europaea, Polygonatum verticillatum, Plagiothecium latebricola und, auf etwas reicherem Substrat, Stellaria nemorum ssp. glochidisperma. Ilexbäume bieten in Dr ein vertrautes, häufiges Bild, ebenso Salix pentandra. Letztere beschränkt ihr Vorkommen auf die Bachtäler, die hier übrigens von außergewöhnlich vielen Holzgewächsen begleitet werden. Das arme Querco-Betuletum ist in Dr gut ausgebildet. Typisch ist das Fehlen von Betula verrucosa als einer einheimischen Holzart. Das üppige Auftreten von Empetrum nigrum in der Heide stellt ebenfalls einen charakteristischen Drenteschen Wesenszug dar. Dr beherbergt überdies das Hauptweltareal der Assoziation Ericetum tetralicis der feuchten Heide. Sowohl die trockene als auch die feuchte Heide zeigen eine Vielfalt von sehr armen bis reichen Pflanzengemeinschaften. Das Wachholdergebüsch trifft man in Dr häufiger als irgendwo sonst in den Niederlanden an. Es gehört zu einer noch unbeschriebenen Assoziation, dem Dicrano-Juniperetum und im besonderen zu einer geographischen Vikariante, der auf den Bezirk von Dr beschränkten Senecio silvaticus-Vikariante. Nicht weniger als 128 Gefäßpflanzen, 96 Moose und Flechten und mehr als 300 Pilze sind in diesem Wachholdergebüsch gefunden worden. Die ombrotrophen Moore, von denen einige bis zu 12 m dicke Torflagen besaßen, sind durch Kultivierungsmaßnahmen vernichtet worden, bis auf wenige Relikte, die unter staatlichen oder privaten Naturschutz gestellt wurden. Sie zeigen den Typus eines “Flachhochmoors” (“flat bog”) und beherbergen noch Arten wie Sphagnum pulchrum, S. balticum, S. fuscum, Dicranum bergeri, Drosera anglica und D. obovata. Nur in einigen küstennahen Mooren kommen Salzzeigerpflanzen vor. Die Sukzession in Moor- und Heidetümpeln wird ausführlich behandelt. In mäßig armen Heidetümpeln und-sumpfen und an ihren Ufern wachsen interessante Arten wie Sparganium angustifolium, Carex limosa, Scheuchzeria palustris, Utricularia neglecta, Sphagnum majus, S. angermanicum, S. girgensohnii und S. russowii. Im Hinblick auf die Epiphytenvegetation wird der Drentse district u.a. durch zwei Gesellschaften gekennzeichnet, deren jede eine Artenkombination enthält die normalerweise in diesem Zusammenwuchs nirgendwo beobachtet werden kann: (1) die Gesellschaft von Parmelia furfuracea und P. acetabulum und (2) die Gesellschaft von Aulacomnium androgynum und Tetraphis pellucida. Schließlich werden noch die Gesellschaften der Drenteschen Bachtäler — rund 55 Bäche, in 9 Flußgebiete zusammenzufassen — behandelt. Im Mittelalter wurde der sie ursprünglich begleitende Wald (Alnion und Alno-Padion) in Streuwiesen und Magertriften umgewandelt. In den letzten fünfzig Jahren vernichteten Entwässerung und der immer häufigere Gebrauch von Kunstdünger die jahrhundertealten halbnatürlichen Landschaften zum größten Teil. Lediglich einige Relikte davon werden noch als Naturreservate geschützt und mittels alter bäuerlicher Betriebsformen bewirtschaftet und erhalten. Der Nährstoffgehalt des Wassers eines natürlichen oder halbnatürlichen Baches nimmt vom Ursprug zur Mündung hin zu. Entsprechend kann man in den Bachtälern folgende Synökosysteme unterscheiden: 1. Quellflurgebiet Soligene Moore des Sphagnion papillosi nebst einer als “Molinietum juncetosum acutiflori” beschriebenen, heute ausgerotteten Gesellschaft; umgeben von dem Ericetum tetralicis. 2. Oberlauf Überwiegend Cirsio-Molinietum-Streuwiesen mit u.a. Parnassia palustris, Cirsium dissectum, Carex dioica, C. pulicaris, C. hostiana, C. panicea, C. appropinquata. Im Anschluß daran folgt das Nardo-Gentianetum pneumonanthis, letzteres wiederum umgeben von dem Ericetum tetralicis. 3. Mittellauf In diesem mehr eutrophen Bereich wird das Cirsio-Molinietum ersetzt durch Gesellschaften des Calthions und durch eine, dem Senecioni-Brometum racemosi verwandte, wohl nicht von anderweitig her bekannte Gesellschaft von Phyteuma nigrum (in diesem Gebiet keine Waldpflanze!) und Carex acutiformis, wie auch durch eine Gesellschaft mit Polygonum bistorta die nicht identisch ist mit den bislang bekannten Assoziationen in denen Polygonum bistorta eine Rolle spielt. Örtlich ist im Calthion die boreale Art Calamagrostis neglecta reich vertreten. 4. Unterlauf Die bemerkenswerteste Vegetation, die sich hier in die oben beschriebene Zonation (Calthion — Nardo-Galion — Ericetum) einschiebt, stellt das Caricetum vesicariae (Magnocaricion) dar in einer an der borealen Art Carex aquatilis reichen form. Das durch Neumann (1957) beschriebene Lysimachio-Caricetum aquatilis kann nicht als selbständige Assoziation aufrecht erhalten werden.
    Notes: Summary The Biological Station of Wijster is situated approximately in the centre of the so-called Drenthian district, one of the 11 phytogeographical districts of the Netherlands. This district also extends into NW Germany and consists mainly of base-poor fluvioglacial and drift-sands with underlying boulder clay. The climate is boreo-atlantic, with fairly high rain-fall (about 31 inches), little sunshine, the highest summer P/S quotient of the Netherlands (June to August) and the coldest winters and coldest nights throughout the year. The flora is rather poor, but comparatively rich in boreal and atlantic species: 138 boreal species of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, 49 of which have, within the Netherlands, their main distribution in this district (cf. list), and 124 (sub) atlantic species, 18 of which occur mainly in Dr, as far as the Netherlands are concerned (cf. list). Some of the Northern species are even subarctic and widely separated from their main (Scandinavian) area, e.g. Carex aquatilis, Cornus suecica, and Sphagnum majus (= S. dusenii). It is argued at length, that for several reasons the theory of “glacial relics” is highly improbable, even for the bryophytes and lichens typical of erratic boulders (Megalithic tombs), which are so frequently found in Dr. Many non-boreal and non-atlantic species show a boreal resp. atlantic ecological behaviour in Dr. Originally the district was almost entirely covered with deciduous woods (mainly oak) and ombrotrophic bogs. The latter included the largest on the continent of NW Europe. Very little has been preserved of either. As far back as 2500 B.C. man started to convert the drier woods into heathland, which, until large-scale reclamation was initiated around 1900 A.D., completely dominated this region. The most salient features of present-day natural vegetation are the following. On moderately rich, shallow sand overlying boulder clay a special type of oak-wood is found with a dense understorey of holly, up to 8 m high, containing some interesting species like Trientalis europaea, Polygonatum verticillatum, Plagiothecium latebricola and, on still richer soil, Stellaria nemorum ssp. glochidisperma. Ilex is a very common tree in Dr, and so is Salix pentandra. The latter is restricted to brook valleys; these valleys are particularly rich in species of woody plants. The poor Querco-Betuletum is well developed in Dr. Betula verrucosa is typically absent as a native tree. The abundance of Empetrum nigrum in the heath is another characteristic feature of Dr. Dr is also the world centre of the wet-heath association Ericetum tetralicis. Both dry and wet heath show a variety of communities from very poor to rich. Juniper scrub is found in Dr more than anywhere else in the Netherlands. It belongs to a yet undescribed association, viz. the Dicrano-Juniperetum, and more specifically, to a geographical vicariant, restricted to Dr, the Senecio sylvaticus-vicariant. So far no less than 128 vascular plants, 96 bryophytes and lichens and more than 300 macrofungi have been found in this juniper scrub. The ombrotrophic bogs, some of which had a peat layer of up to 12 m thick, have now been reclaimed, but for a few relic stands, protected by State and private Nature Conservancy. They belong to the “flat bog” type (“Flachhochmoor”) and still contain such species as Sphagnum pulchrum, S. balticum, S. fuscum, Dicranum bergeri, Drosera anglica and D. obovata. Salt spray indicators are absent, except from a few coastal bogs. The succession in bog pools and heath pools is discussed at length. The moderately poor heath pools or fens and their margins contain such interesting species as Sparganium angustifolium, Carex limosa, Scheuchzeria palustris, Utricularia neglecta, Sphagnum majus, S. angermanicum, S. girgensohnii and S. russowii. With regard to its epiphytic vegetation, the Drenthian district is a.o. characterized by two communities, each of which consists of a mixture of species not normally found growing together else-where: (1) the community of Parmelia furfuracea and P. acetabulum and (2) the community of Aulacomnium androgynum and Tetraphis pellucida. Finally, the communities of the stream valleys in the Drenthian district are discussed here (about 55 streams, belonging to 9 river catchments). In Medieval times their fringing woodlands (Alnion and Alno-Padion) were transformed into meadow and poor pasture. During the past 50 years, drainage operations and the increasing use of fertilisers have largely destroyed these centuries-old semi-natural landscape types. A few relics have, however, been preserved as Nature Reserves and are maintained by being managed according to ancient agricultural practices. The trophic status of the water of a natural or semi-natural stream increases as one passes downstream. Corresponding to this gradient the following synecosystems may be recognised in the stream valleys: 1. Spring: Soligenous bogs of the Sphagnion papillosi, as well as a community which has been described as a “Molinietum juncetosum acutiflori” but is now completely exterminated; surrounded by Ericetum tetralicis. 2. Upper Reaches: Mainly Cirsio-Molinietum meadows with a.o. the following species: Parnassia palustris, Cirsium dissectum, Carex dioica, C. pulicaris, C. hostiana, C. panicea, C. appropinquata. These meadows are flanked by the Nardo-Gentianetum pneumonanthis, and this is surrounded by the Ericetum tetralicis. 3. Middle Reaches: In this more eutrophic zone the Cirsio-Molinietum is replaced by Calthion communities and by (i) a community of Phyteuma nigrum (not a woodland plant in this region!) and Carex acutiformis which is related to the Senecioni-Brometum racemosi, but is probably not known elsewhere; (ii) a community with Polygonum bistorta which is not identical with the well-known associations in which P. bistorta occurs. Locally, the boreal species Calamagrostis neglecta is richly represented in the Calthion communities. 4. Lower Reaches: The most noteworthy vegetation type which inserts itself into the zonation described above (Calthion—Nardo-Galion—Ericetum) is the Caricetum vesicariae (Magnocaricion) which occurs in a form characterised by the abundance of the boreal species Carex aquatilis. The Lysimachio-Caricetum aquatilis described by Neumann (1957) cannot be recognised as an independent association.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Plant ecology 117 (1995), S. 133-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Bryophytes ; Rich-fen ; Water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To assess the natural range in habitat parameters of the once common rich-fen bryophyte Scorpidium scorpioides, water chemistry and vegetation were studied in different regions characteristic of its NW-European distribution area: the Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark and Fennoscandia. Scorpidium scorpioides was found in an environment with circumneutral pH. The variation in solute content and composition was large and nutrient (N and P) concentrations ranged from zero to values indicative of more eutrophic conditions. Six different vegetation types with S. scorpioides were distinguished, resembling Caricion davallianae, Caricion curto-nigrae and Hydrocotylo-Baldellion communities. Type of substrate and solute levels were strongly correlated with the first ordination axis (DCA) and nutrient status and geographic position with the second axis. Habitat and vegetation characteristics in Dutch rich-fens with S. scorpioides indicated that mineral status was higher than in Fennoscandia and Ireland; solute-poor habitats with S. scorpioides have disappeared from the Netherlands. Trophic status was higher in the Netherlands than in Fennoscandia, but in some cases lower than in Ireland. Acidification and eutrophication may have played a role in the decrease of the species in the Netherlands. However, the wide ecological ranges suggest that the decrease of S. scorpioides is not a physiological effect of unsuitable environmental conditions per se.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 61 (1985), S. 23-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Cluster analysis ; Permanent plots ; Salt-marsh community ; Succession ; Terschelling ; Zonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Succession of plant communities on a salt marsh at the Boschplaat, Terschelling (The Netherlands) is described on the basis of relevés from permanent plots in three transects, covering a period of almost 30 years. All relevés were clustered, using a hierarchical fusion technique. Succession has been quantified in terms of transitions between clusters over time in all plots. Analysis of the results showed four clearly distinct successional trends, each restricted to a particular altitudinal zone of the salt marsh. Between zones there were only few interconnections. This implies that zonation does not represent succession, at least not on the time scale of this study. It is suggested that initial differences between zones in the processes that change the abiotic environment, form the basis of vegetation zonation at the Boschplaat.
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