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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 5467-5471 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Four different erbium laser crystals, two YAG:Er (40 at. %) and two YAlO3:Er (30 at. % and 50 at. %), have been compared with respect to their laser thresholds and slope efficiencies. The performance of these laser crystals was further compared with a YSGG:Cr:Er (Y3Sc2Ga3O12) (3.6 at. % Cr3+ and 4 at. % Er3+). The experimental results are explained with up-conversion processes in the crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 6128-6134 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In computer simulations the mechanisms that lead to room-temperature continuous-wave green upconversion lasing in Er3+:LiYF4 are investigated. The rate-equation system considers the full erbium level scheme up to 2H9/2, ground-state depletion, excited-state absorption on the pump and laser wavelengths, three interionic processes, stimulated emission, and the crystal and resonator data of the experiments. Experimental results performed at the University of Hamburg, Germany, are reproduced in the simulation. The influence of different parameters as pump wavelength, absorption cross sections, interionic parameters, dopant concentration, and temperature is investigated. An avalanche effect which exploits the strong cross relaxation from the upper laser level and the upconversion from 4I13/2 leads to an efficient population of the upper laser level. At higher dopant concentrations the cross relaxation becomes detrimental to stimulated emission due to the depletion of the upper laser level. This concentration dependence can be considered as a general behavior of rare-earth-doped avalanche lasers. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 3564-3566 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on an erbium cascade laser in a fluorozirconate fiber. Lasing on the transition 4I11/2→4I13/2 at 2.71 μm is supported by colasing on the transition 4S3/2→4I9/2 at 1.72 μm. This recycles the excitation that is lost via excited-state absorption and avoids the saturation of the output power. Threshold at 2.71 μm is 33 mW launched pump power at 791 nm. The measured slope efficiency of 22.6% is relatively close to the 29.1% stokes-efficiency limit. An output power of 158 mW is obtained, limited only by the 1.43 W power available from the Ti: sapphire pump laser. Output power is 15 and slope efficiency 2.5 times higher than reported in previous publications. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 1963-1965 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A multiwavelength laser system designed for precise and efficient tissue ablation under water was realized by simultaneously coupling radiation of a holmium:YAG laser, emitting at a wavelength of 2.12 μm and an erbium: YSGG laser at 2.79 μm into the same zirconium fluoride (ZrF4) fiber. The beam paths of the two lasers were collinearly combined taking advantage of the dispersion of an Infrasil prism. Fast video flash photographs and laser induced pressure transients simultaneously recorded with a PVDF pressure transducer were used to study the dynamics of bubble formation at the submerged fiber tip. The bubble size and the bubble lifetime were determined as a function of the wavelength and the delay time between the two different laser pulses. The results indicate that the combination of 2 and 3 μm radiation takes specific advantage of both wavelengths and strongly enhances the ablation efficiency of tissue under water. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 571-573 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optoacoustics, which combines the merits and most compelling features of light and sound, is a technique for diagnosing optical tissue properties and for performing noninvasive medical imaging. We present a detection method based on Schlieren optical imaging used to record optoacoustic waves generated with 6 ns long laser pulses. These waves result from irradiation of optically absorbing targets hidden deep inside highly scattering media. Since they are generated from one single shot, Schlieren images contain all the information necessary for the reconstruction of the absorbing structures. The detection method allows on-line imaging with a spatial resolution of about 30 μm with high contrast. The proposed real-time imaging system not only enhances the level of visible detail but it is ideally suited for monitoring dynamic tissue changes. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 52 (1960), S. 421-426 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 110 (1988), S. 775-782 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 66 (1989), S. 4496-4503 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser cutting of biological matter is explained by a combined action of evaporation and ejection of liquid. It is shown that when the depth of the incision is larger than its diameter and when a certain critical value of the intensity is exceeded, a new effect, a turbulent flow of the liquid layer, emerges as a result of the increased vapor pressure gradient. This turbulent flow is accompanied by the appearance of a number of additional effects. These are the occurrence of a local minimum in the dependence of the normalized recoil momentum as a function of the position of the beam focus, the formation of bumps and, connected with this, a change in the extent and velocity of the ejection. These effects are experimentally studied in the present investigation. In addition, it is shown that for cutting soft tissue the accuracy of focusing has a crucial influence on the depth of the generated incision and the extension of the created thermal damage zone.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 43 (1987), S. 202-209 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 39 (1983), S. 360-366 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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