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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 15 (1996), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: glutamine ; glutamine synthetase ; immunity ; stress ; teleost ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive radiotracer method was used to detect glutamine synthetase activity in fish. The distribution of glutamine synthetase activity using this method was shown to be widespread in organs and tissues of the marine finfish, snapper,Pagrus auratus. The optimum pH and temperature for glutamine synthetase activity and Km of glutamate from the brain of the snapper are also reported. Interestingly no glutamine synthetase activity was detected in lymphoid organs, indicating, that as in the mammal, the teleostean immune system is likely to rely on glutamine in circulation for energy and nucleotide synthesis. Furthermore circulating glutamine levels fell as fish became stressed or became ill. Implications of these observations on the function of the immune system of fish are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 10 (1994), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A sixth-order polynomial shape function is developed for BIE analysis. The function is applied over only three-noded elements, but with the support for the function extending over adjacent elements. This avoids the oscillations near the ends of the range which otherwise are characteristic of high-order polynomial interpolation. Various test problems are explored, and it is shown that results as accurate as those from conventional quadratic elements are obtained with larger nodal spacings, and thus giving the potential for significant reductions in matrix storage requirements and solution times.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: iterative solvers ; scattering analysis ; integral equations ; termination residual ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Iterative methods are used increasingly for solution of the extremely large matrix equations generated by integral equation analysis of multi-wavelength frequency domain scattering. Although much cheaper than direct methods, the matrix solution remains the dominant cost, and is very costly. The criterion adopted for termination of the iteration can have a marked effect on this cost. We show that for large scattering problems a robust and rational prior choice of termination criterion can be made, based only on discretization. This allows confident use of a much larger termination residual than those commonly used, with consequent cost reduction. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2569-2581 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: At corners or edges in the boundary of the domain of a potential problem the local normal gradient of potential is double-valued. When Dirichlet boundary conditions are specified there are thus two unknowns at a single nodal point, and the sets of equations resulting from the usual BIE discretization are rendered indeterminate. We discuss here earlier approaches to the resolving of this problem, and describe a further approach which appears to offer some advantages. Both normal gradients can be approximated directly from local potential boundary conditions, showing the problem indeed to be formally overdetermined. This ability is discarded, in favour of yielding a robust and well-conditioned relationship between the two gradients. This, in conjunction with the BIE analysis, permits solutions of considerable accuracy to be found, including the gradients at such corner nodes. Illustrative calculations are presented for rectilinear and curvilinear domains. These show that, even with as few elements as there are corners, and thus one and a half times as many unknowns as there are nodal points, good approximations to the gradients can be obtained. The need for progressively finer discretization as a corner is approached is thus much reduced.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1419-1431 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: integral equations ; scattering ; boundary elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a boundary integral equation (boundary element) method for the solution of a variety of transient acoustic problems. The spatial and temporal discretization employs quadratic isoparametric elements with high-order Gauss quadrature, and the ensuing equations are implicit. The implicit formulation both eliminates the instabilities reported in explicit treatments, and permits a freedom of choice of timestep which can reduce costs dramatically. The accuracy of the approach is demonstrated by comparison with the analytical solution for a sphere. Results for more demanding sphere-cone-sphere geometries extending to seven wavelengths long are presented, and compared to those obtained from a related frequency domain approach.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 35 (1992), S. 165-178 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Discrete source superposition techniques seek sets of discrete, singular source strengths which satisfy the boundary conditions of a particular problem, and, necessarily, the governing differential equation. The sum of the fields produced by such sources thus provides an approximation to the required solution. In many respects these techniques are a special case of conventional boundary integral equation methods, where density distributions of smeared sources are sought. In this paper an attempt is made to extend the discrete source superposition technique to transient problems. The example addressed is the transient diffusion equation. The method developed does seem to have sòme promise. It is found that even coarse spatial discretization can yield quite accurate results, and that surprisingly large timesteps can be employed and accuracy maintained. Further, although no direct comparisons are made, the absence of spatial integrations indicates that the computational effort per timestep is likely to be less than for conventional BIE.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1998), S. 751-761 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: acoustic ; electromagnetic ; integral equations ; scattering ; time domain ; radar cross-section ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Analysis of high frequency scattering using pulsed illumination generates surface fields which are small over most of the scatterer most of the time. A reformulation of the usual integral equation time domain approach which exploits this is presented. It is shown that cost scaling can be reduced, with costs reduced by an order of magnitude for the examples presented, with negligible accuracy loss. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 515-524 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: integral equations ; scattering ; parallel processing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Electromagnetic and acoustic scattering from bodies many wavelengths long presents some of the largest computational problems, with costs scaling with the fourth to sixth power of incident frequency. Parallel processing offers one contributory route to the increase in computational power required for such analyses. The paper presents a parallel implementation of the integral formulation of the transient wave equation. It is demonstrated that it is the repeated evaluation of far field effects which is the dominant cost, and that with appropriate domain partitioning this process can be parallelised very effectively. Results for scattering problems comprising up to 1658 nodes are presented, evaluated on 64- and 128-processor systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 31 (1991), S. 803-817 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Boundary representation by straight lines and circular arcs is described, and the error introduced through the common representation of circular arc boundaries by quadratic geometrical shape functions is investigated. This error is shown to be in some cases the major contributor to the total error. An even more significant advantage of exact boundary representation is that it permits many of the required integrations to be performed analytically, rather than by using Gaussian quadrature. For example, all integrations in any rectilinear domain can then be evaluated analytically. This generally produces an increase in accuracy, and a saving in the computing time required to assemble the coefficient matrices. In slender domains both this increase in accuracy and saving in computing time are very marked, as analytical integrations permit the use of very much coarser discretization than would be required for numerical quadrature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 2227-2236 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: boundary elements ; integral equations ; elastostatics ; iterative solvers ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The GMRES (Generalized Minimal RESidual) iterative method is receiving increased attention as a solver for the large dense and unstructured matrices generated by boundary element elastostatic analyses. Existing published results are predominantly for two-dimensional problems, of only medium size. When these methods are applied to large three-dimensional problems, which actually do require efficient iterative methods for practical solution, they fail. This failure is exacerbated by the use of the pre-conditioning otherwise desirable in such problems. The cause of the failure is identified as being in the orthogonalization process, and is demonstrated by the divergence of the ‘true’ residual, and the residual calculated during the GMRES algorithm. It is shown that double precision arithmetic is required for only the small fraction of the work comprising the orthogonalization process, and exploitation of this largely removes the penalties associated with the use of double precision. Additionally, it is shown that full re-orthogonalization can be employed to overcome the lack of convergence, extending the applicability of the GMRES to significantly larger problems. The approach is demonstrated by solving three-dimensional problems comprising ∼4000 and ∼5000 equations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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