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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    London [u.a.] : Chapman & Hall
    Call number: PIK N 630-92-0666
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 352 p.
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    ISBN: 0412269007
    Series Statement: Population and Community Biology series 11
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Austrocedrus ; change detection ; disturbance ; fire exclusion ; landscape pattern ; Nothofagus ; Patagonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In northern Patagonia, Argentina we quantify changes in fire frequency along a gradient from mesic Nothofagus dombeyi forest to xeric woodlands of Austrocedrus chilensis at the steppe ecotone, and we examine patterns of vegetation change coincident with the changes in fire regimes across a range of spatial scales. At a regional scale changes in land cover types are documented by comparing 1:250 000 scale cover type maps from 1913 and 1985. Changes in landscape structure are analyzed by comparing vegetation patterns on 1:24 000 scale aerial photographs taken in 1940 and 1970. Fire frequency peaked in the late nineteenth-century due to widespread burning and clearing of forests by European settlers late in the century. Subsequently, fire frequency declined dramatically about 1910 due to the cessation of intentional fires and has remained low due to increasingly effective fire exclusion. At a regional scale there has been a dramatic increase during the twentieth century in the proportion of forest cover relative to areas mapped as recent burns or shrublands in 1913. Remnant forest patches that survived the widespread late-nineteenth century burning have coalesced to form more continuous forest covers, and formerly continuous areas of shrublands have become dissected by forest. Under reduced fire frequency there has been a shift in dominance from short-lived resprouting species (mostly shrubs) towards longer-lived species and obligate seed-dispersers such as Austrocedrus chilensis and Nothofagus dombeyi. Due to limited seed dispersal of these tree species, the spatial configuration of remnant forest patches plays a key role in subsequent changes in landscape pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Monitoring long-term change in forested landscapes is an intimidating challenge with considerable practical, methodological, and theoretical limitations. Current field approaches used to assess vegetation change at the plot-to-stand scales and nationwide forest monitoring programs may not be appropriate at landscape scales. We emphasize that few vegetation monitoring programs (and, thus, study design models) are designed to detect spatial and temporal trends at landscape scales. Based primarily on advice from many sources, and trial and error, we identify 14 attributes of a reliable long-term landscape monitoring program: malpractice insurance for landscape ecologists. The attributes are to: secure long-term funding and commitment; develop flexible goals; refine objectives; pay adequate attention to information management; take an experimental approach to sampling design; obtain peer-review and statistical review of research proposals and publications; avoid bias in selection of long-term plot locations; insure adequate spatial replication; insure adequate temporal replication; synthesize retrospective, experimental, and related studies; blend theoretical and empirical models with the means to validate both; obtain periodic research program evaluation; integrate and synthesize with larger and smaller scale research, inventory, and monitoring programs; and develop an extensive outreach program. Using these 14 attributes as a guide, we describe one approach to assess the potential effect of global change on the vegetation of the Front Range of the Colorado Rockies. This self-evaluation helps identify strengthes and weaknesses in our program, and may serve the same role for other landscape ecologists in other programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 40 (1979), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Andes ; Chile ; Pattern analysis ; Succession ; Vulcanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the above-timberline zone of south-central Chile, stepped microtopography commonly develops on slopes of unstable volcanic ash deposits. Between the Nothofagus timberline and the high-altitude sparse fellfields, a scrubgrassland vegetation dominated by prostrate shrubs such as Empetrum rubrum and Pernettya spp. and tussock grasses such as Hierochloe utriculata and Cortaderia pilosa characteristically occurs on the stepped microtopography. Species interactions and species-microtopography interactions during the course of succession on the recent volcanic deposits were investigated by means of pattern analysis. Scales of pattern associated with individual plant morphology and interspecific interactions are present but, in general, the scales of pattern attributed to environmental variation are more evident. Cyclic changes occur in the scrub-grassland under the influence of periodic burial by the unstable ash substrate and the life cycles of the dominant prostrate shrubs. Such cyclic changes are part of a long-term linear successional trend following disturbance by catastrophic vulcanism. In contrast to the basic assumption of classic successional theory, in both the short-term and long-term the physical habitat in the above-timberline zone of south-central Chile is fundamentally unstable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 36 (1978), S. 149-167 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Andes ; Catastrophic events ; Chile ; Colonization ; Fire ; Forest structure ; Nothofagus forest ; Succession ; Vulcanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In association with a devastating earthquake in 1960, thousands of debris avalanches, landslides, and mudflows occurred in the Andes of south-central Chile. Catastrophic mass movements associated with seismic activity have affected the Andes of south-central Chile several times in the past 400 years and have profoundly influenced the regional vegetation. The most widespread forest types in the Andean Cordillera of the Province of Valdivia (latitude 39°25′ to 40°40′ S) are dominated byNothofagus spp. andEucryphia cordifolia and characteristically have an intermediate layer of shade-tolerant trees. These forest types represent relatively early successional phases following forest destruction by catastrophic phenomena. The supporting evidence for this interpretation includes: (1) the nature of the colonization of the surfaces exposed by the 1960 mass movements, (2) the structure of the existing forest vegetation, (3) the ecological characteristics of the dominant trees, and (4) the historical frequency of similar catastrophic events in the Andes of south-central Chile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 71 (1987), S. 113-126 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Age structure ; Dendro-ecology ; Fire ; Succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the rainshadow of the Andean Cordillera in northern Patagonia (ca 39° to 43°S) the steep west-to-east decline in precipitation is reflected by a dramatic gradient from rainforest through open woodlands to shruband bunchgrass-dominated steppe. A recent trend towards aridification of Patagonia and consequent westward expansion of xeric communities into the western rainforest district has been a persistent theme in the ecological literature for nearly 50 years. Specifically, it has been suggested that the xeric trees Austrocedrus chilensis and Nothofagus antarctica are extending their ranges westward and replacing the mesic Nothofagus dombeyi which dominates the rainforests. This hypothesis was investigated by analyzing stand age structures and patterns of tree radial growth along a west-to-east gradient of post-fire stands dominated by Nothofagus dombeyi and Austrocedrus chilensis. Age structures of 14 stands in which the ages of 811 trees were determined do not support the hypothesis that xeric tree species are invading stands formerly dominated by mesic species. Both N. dombeyi and A. chilensis form even-aged populations following stand-destroying fires and cease to establish once a dense canopy has formed. There is no evidence of either species successionally replacing the other. Due to its substantially slower growth rate, A. chilensis forms a subcanopy layer beneath taller N. dombeyi despite the similarity of ages for populations of both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new set of tree-ring records from the Andes of northern Patagonia, Argentina (41° S) was used to evaluate recent (i.e., last 250 years) regional trends in tree growth at upper treeline. Fifteen tree-ring chronologies from 1200 to 1750 m elevation were developed for Nothofagus pumilio, the dominant subalpine species. Samples were collected along three elevational transects located along the steep west-to-east precipitation gradient from the main Cordillera (mean annual precipitation 〉4000 mm) to an eastern outlier of the Andes (mean annual precipitation 〉2000 mm). Ring-width variation in higher elevation tree-ring records from the main Cordillera is mainly related to changes in temperature and precipitation during spring and summer. However, the response to climatic variation is also influenced by local site factors of elevation and exposure. Based on the relationships between Nothofagus growth and climate, we reconstructed changes in snow cover duration in late spring and variations in mean annual temperature since A.D. 1750. Abrupt interannual changes in the mean annual temperature reconstruction are associated with strong to very strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. At upper treeline, tree growth since 1977 has been anomalously high. A sharp rise in global average tropospheric temperatures has been recorded since the mid-1970s in response to an enhanced tropical hydrologic cycle due to an increase in temperature of the tropical Pacific. Temperatures in northern Patagonia have been anomalously high throughout the 1980s, which is consistent with positive temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and along the western coast of the Americas at c.a. 40° S latitude. Our 250-year temperature reconstruction indicates that although the persistently high temperatures of the 1980s are uncommon during this period, they are not unprecedented. Tropical climatic episodes similar to that observed during the 1980s may have occurred in the recent past under pre-industrial carbon dioxide levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-03-23
    Description: In the western United States, mountain pine beetles (MPBs) have killed pine trees across 71,000 km2 of forest since the mid-1990s, leading to widespread concern that abundant dead fuels may increase area burned and exacerbate fire behavior. Although stand-level fire behavior models suggest that bark beetle-induced tree mortality increases flammability of stands by changing canopy and forest floor fuels, the actual effect of an MPB outbreak on subsequent wildfire activity remains widely debated. To address this knowledge gap, we superimposed areas burned on areas infested by MPBs for the three peak years of wildfire activity since 2002 across the western United States. Here, we show that the observed effect of MPB infestation on the area burned in years of extreme fire appears negligible at broad spatial extents. Contrary to the expectation of increased wildfire activity in recently infested red-stage stands, we found no difference between observed area and expected area burned in red-stage or subsequent gray-stage stands during three peak years of wildfire activity, which account for 46% of area burned during the 2002–2013 period. Although MPB infestation and fire activity both independently increased in conjunction with recent warming, our results demonstrate that the annual area burned in the western United States has not increased in direct response to bark beetle activity. Therefore, policy discussions should focus on societal adaptation to the effects of recent increases in wildfire activity related to increased drought severity.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1989-10-01
    Description: Stand development of a subalpine forest in the Colorado Front Range following a ca. 15-ha blowdown was examined by analyzing tree population age structures and radial growth patterns. The stand studied was initiated by a fire at the start of the 18th century and was dominated by a dense population of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) at the time of blowdown in 1973. Before the blowdown, the subcanopy was characterized by abundant subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) and scarce Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii (Parry) Engelm.). Comparison with an adjacent control stand, affected only slightly by the blowdown, indicates that new seedling establishment following the blowdown was slight. Instead, the response was dominated by the release of the subcanopy fir and spruce, resulting in acceleration of the successional replacement of lodgepole pine by these shade-tolerant species. Given the 〉300 years required for an old-growth fir and spruce stand to develop following catastrophic fire, the likelihood of a major canopy disturbance in the form of blowdown and (or) lethal insect attack is high and should be explicitly incorporated into general explanations of stand development of subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1999-05-01
    Description: Patterns of stand development may be interpreted from spatial analyses, based on variables such as tree age and size, together with past records of climate and disturbance. In the present study, our objective is to examine spatial patterns of tree age and size to determine if they are consistent with the episodic pattern of tree regeneration proposed for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) and expected changes in tree spatial patterns as cohort patches age. According to our hypothesis, internal patch structure should become less clumped as single cohort patches age due to self-thinning, with few trees attaining dominance in a small patch. In this study, tree spatial patterns in 16 stands of P. ponderosa in the Colorado Front Range are described and related to patterns of stand development. Analytical methods included Ripley's K(t) (a univariate statistic of tree spatial distribution), Ripley's K12(t) (a bivariate statistic of spatial association), and Moran's I (a measure of spatial autocorrelation). Spatial patterns imply establishment of patches of pines followed by self-thinning. Continued stand development results in strong size hierarchies as manifested by stronger spatial autocorrelation of tree age than tree size. Hence, pines exhibit a strong size class hierarchy developed within an even-aged patch.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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