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  • 1
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    A structure-based mechanism for tRNA and retroviral RNA remodelling during primer annealing (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: To prime reverse transcription, retroviruses require annealing of a transfer RNA molecule to the U5 primer binding site (U5-PBS) region of the viral genome. The residues essential for primer annealing are initially locked in intramolecular interactions; hence, annealing requires the chaperone activity of the retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) protein to facilitate structural rearrangements. Here we show that, unlike classical chaperones, the Moloney murine leukaemia virus NC uses a unique mechanism for remodelling: it specifically targets multiple structured regions in both the U5-PBS and tRNA(Pro) primer that otherwise sequester residues necessary for annealing. This high-specificity and high-affinity binding by NC consequently liberates these sequestered residues--which are exactly complementary--for intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, NC utilizes a step-wise, entropy-driven mechanism to trigger both residue-specific destabilization and residue-specific release. Our structures of NC bound to U5-PBS and tRNA(Pro) reveal the structure-based mechanism for retroviral primer annealing and provide insights as to how ATP-independent chaperones can target specific RNAs amidst the cellular milieu of non-target RNAs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Sarah B -- Yildiz, F Zehra -- Lo, Jennifer A -- Wang, Bo -- D'Souza, Victoria M -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 27;515(7528):591-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13709. Epub 2014 Sep 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA. [3]. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2]. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25209668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; *Models, Molecular ; *Moloney murine leukemia virus/chemistry/genetics ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; *Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *RNA, Transfer/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcription/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    An equilibrium-dependent retroviral mRNA switch regulates translational recoding (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-29
    Description: Most retroviruses require translational recoding of a viral messenger RNA stop codon to maintain a precise ratio of structural (Gag) and enzymatic (Pol) proteins during virus assembly. Pol is expressed exclusively as a Gag-Pol fusion either by ribosomal frameshifting or by read-through of the gag stop codon. Both of these mechanisms occur infrequently and only affect 5-10% of translating ribosomes, allowing the virus to maintain the critical Gag to Gag-Pol ratio. Although it is understood that the frequency of the recoding event is regulated by cis RNA motifs, no mechanistic explanation is currently available for how the critical protein ratio is maintained. Here we present the NMR structure of the murine leukaemia virus recoding signal and show that a protonation-dependent switch occurs to induce the active conformation. The equilibrium is such that at physiological pH the active, read-through permissive conformation is populated at approximately 6%: a level that correlates with in vivo protein quantities. The RNA functions by a highly sensitive, chemo-mechanical coupling tuned to ensure an optimal read-through frequency. Similar observations for a frameshifting signal indicate that this novel equilibrium-based mechanism may have a general role in translational recoding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582340/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582340/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houck-Loomis, Brian -- Durney, Michael A -- Salguero, Carolina -- Shankar, Neelaabh -- Nagle, Julia M -- Goff, Stephen P -- D'Souza, Victoria M -- R37 CA030488/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA30488/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Nov 27;480(7378):561-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10657.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22121021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; *Genes, Switch ; Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Viral/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of site-specific isotopically labeled nucleotides for use in NMR resonance assignment, dynamics and structural characterizations (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Stable isotope labeling is central to NMR studies of nucleic acids. Development of methods that incorporate labels at specific atomic positions within each nucleotide promises to expand the size range of RNAs that can be studied by NMR. Using recombinantly expressed enzymes and chemically synthesized ribose and nucleobase, we have developed an inexpensive, rapid chemo-enzymatic method to label ATP and GTP site specifically and in high yields of up to 90%. We incorporated these nucleotides into RNAs with sizes ranging from 27 to 59 nucleotides using in vitro transcription: A-Site (27 nt), the iron responsive elements (29 nt), a fluoride riboswitch from Bacillus anthracis (48 nt), and a frame-shifting element from a human corona virus (59 nt). Finally, we showcase the improvement in spectral quality arising from reduced crowding and narrowed linewidths, and accurate analysis of NMR relaxation dispersion (CPMG) and TROSY-based CEST experiments to measure μs-ms time scale motions, and an improved NOESY strategy for resonance assignment. Applications of this selective labeling technology promises to reduce difficulties associated with chemical shift overlap and rapid signal decay that have made it challenging to study the structure and dynamics of large RNAs beyond the 50 nt median size found in the PDB.
    Keywords: Nucleic acid modification, Nucleic acid structure
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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