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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High precision soft x-ray reflectometer : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2248-2250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: At the radiometry laboratory of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) a reflectometer for the soft x-ray spectral region has been operated for several years utilizing monochromatic radiation of a toroidal grating monochromator or a high-resolution plane grating monochromator. The monochromators cover the photon energy region from 35 to 1500 eV. New challenges due to the development of soft x-ray optical components led to the design of a second reflectometer with advanced capabilities. Samples with a diameter of up to 250 mm can be accommodated. The time required for sample exchange is reduced by using a lock chamber. The feasibility of sample positioning with high precision has been improved. Typical uncertainties of about 1%–2%, e.g., for the reflectance of multilayer mirrors, can be achieved. A detailed description of the reflectometer as well as some typical results showing the performance are presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145720
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New detector calibration facility for the wavelength range 35–400 nm based on an electrical substitution radiometer : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2324-2326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In the radiometry laboratory of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt at the Berlin electron storage ring BESSY a new instrumentation has been set up for the calibration of transfer detectors in the wavelength range from 35 to 400 nm with an aspired uncertainty of 〈1%. The spectral responsivity of a detector is determined by comparison with the known responsivity of an electrical substitution radiometer operated at liquid helium temperature as the primary detector standard. A first calibration of silicon photodiodes was performed in the spectral range above 250 nm. The spectral responsivity determined with 3% uncertainty was found to agree with previous calibrations conducted with lasers as sources. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145677
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiometry laboratory of Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt at BESSY : Proceedings of the 5th international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2244-2247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the German national institute of metrology, operates a radiometry laboratory at the electron storage ring BESSY. Now, after more than ten years of BESSY operation, six experimental stations on four beamlines optimized for radiometric calibrations and characterization of optical components are in use. The calculable undispersed spectral photon flux of the primary radiation standard BESSY with relative uncertainties of below 0.4% is used in a broad spectral range from 1 eV to 15 keV for the calibration of energy-dispersive detectors and of monochromator-detector systems at one beamline and for the calibration of radiation sources in the spectral range from 3 eV to 1.8 keV at three experimental stations equipped with monochromators. Monochromatized synchrotron radiation, with emphasis placed on high spectral purity, is provided at three stations covering the spectral range from 3 eV to about 1.5 keV for detector calibrations and for reflectometry. Brief descriptions of the beamlines, experimental stations, and associated instruments are given. Furthermore, examples of recent radiometric calibrations and investigations and an outlook on radiometry at the future storage ring BESSY II are presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145719
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron cyclotron resonance light source assembly—A vacuum-ultraviolet radiation source based on an electron cyclotron resonance plasma : The 8th international conference on ion sources (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 1200-1202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A vacuum-ultraviolet radiation source based on an electron cyclotron resonance plasma was developed. Electron cyclotron resonance light source assembly (ELISA) is a 10 GHz monomode source of compact design featuring a tunable cavity and permanent magnets which can be axially positioned. The radiation emission of the source can be detected simultaneously in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral range via a toroidal grating monochromator and in the x-ray spectral range via a Si(Li) detector. Spectroscopic investigations of a krypton and a neon plasma in the 9–27 nm spectral range show that ELISA produces complex line spectra of highly ionized atoms by applying only 12 W microwave power. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150427
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topography of an electron cyclotron resonance plasma in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral range : Papers from the Ninth International Conference on Ion Sources (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 73 (2002), S. 614-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The plasma topography of the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation source ELISA (electron cyclotron resonance light source assembly) was investigated. ELISA is operated at a VUV spectrometer which allows two-dimensional images of the axially observable plasma shape to be taken with a spatial resolution of 150 μm in the spectral range from 40 to 400 nm. The VUV radiance profile of the electron cyclotron resonance plasma was investigated for different working conditions of the source, with the source operated with nitrogen and krypton. Under specific operating conditions, the observed plasma radiance profile shows a structure similar to calculations performed by the group of Andrä. It was shown for the first time that the plasma topography can be interpreted by an electron density distribution as simulated there for a monomode electron cyclotron resonance ion source. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1431699
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement and calculation of the spatial and spectral distribution of wavelength shifter radiation at BESSY (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Calculable synchrotron radiation (SR) from BESSY dipole magnets has been used by PTB for radiometry from the visible to the soft x-ray region with very low uncertainties for many years. The use of wavelength shifter (WLS) radiation bears the potential of extending the usable spectral range for radiometry with calculable SR to higher photon energies. Initial investigations on the feasibility of this approach have been performed: an energy dispersive high-purity germanium detector (HPGe) was used to characterize the radiation of the new BESSY WLS with a magnetic field of B=3.2 T. The HPGe detector has previously been calibrated and so the absolute spectral photon flux could be determined. The measured spectral photon flux was then compared to calculations and good agreement was found in the order of ±5%. Although this is to our knowledge the best agreement demonstrated so far for an absolute comparison of measured WLS radiation to calculations, further improvements are needed for a future radiometric use of WLS radiation. This will be discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146836
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The soft x-ray transmission properties of thin polyimide windows and their application to future detectors (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2570-2573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The x-ray transmission properties of a very thin polyimide window in the range 7–310 A(ring) have been investigated. The window is nominally 0.24 μm thick and is supported by a hexagonal polyimide grid. Transmission of over 60% and 80% at the oxygen Kα and carbon Kα lines, respectively, have been achieved. The use of such windows as the entrance window of a gas scintillation counter (GSPC) operating as a broadband spectrometer at XUV wavelengths is discussed. Overall detector efficiencies of greater than 10% for wavelengths less than 150 A(ring) are possible to achieve. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145659
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of proportionality of total electron yield and soft x-ray absorption coefficient (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: For many applications, the total electron yield (TEY) η is assumed to be proportional to the product of the linear absorption coefficient and the photon energy. To test this model we measured the total electron yield of copper and gold at the (111) surface of single crystals in the photon energy range between 50 eV and 1500 eV with relative uncertainties lower than 3.6%. In addition, the data for the absorption coefficient were improved by measuring the transmittance of polyimide films covered either with thin gold or copper layers. The experiments were performed at the radiometry laboratory of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt at the electron storage ring BESSY I. For photon energies below 150 eV, the total electron yield is proportional to the absorption coefficient, provided the saturation effects as determined here, by measurements of the TEY as a function of the angle of incidence of the radiation, are taken into account. At higher photon energy, the ratio between the TEY and the product of absorption coefficient times the photon energy decreases continuously by about 30% down to 1500 eV. We present a new analytical model for the total electron yield describing the contributions of primary and secondary electrons. Input parameters such as the electron escape depth and the reflection of the soft x-rays has been experimentally determined. When these parameters are used, our model achieves good agreement with the measured TEY, when the only free parameter, i.e., the efficiency with which the absorbed photon energy is converted into secondary electrons, is adjusted. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371854
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete characterization of a Si(Li) detector in the photon energy range 0.9–5 keV : INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2287-2290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The response function of a Si(Li) detector has been measured in the photon energy range 0.9–5 keV using monochromatized synchrotron radiation at a double crystal monochromator. The response is described by a hypermet function and the spectral dependence of its parameters is presented. The quantum detection efficiency of the detector is determined from measurements in the undispersed synchrotron radiation of the electron storage ring BESSY, which is a primary radiometric standard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140795
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring devices at BESSY for stored beam currents ranging from 0.8 pA to 1 A : International conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (SRI−88) (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1752-1755 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The electron storage ring BESSY is a primary radiometric standard where the photon flux can be adjusted within a dynamic range of 12 orders of magnitude via the stored beam current IR. We describe the three different devices installed at BESSY to perform the measurement of the absolute beam current within the full range. Two toroidal dc beam current transformers are used in the range 0.5 mA〈IR〈1 A. The measurement of lower beam currents is based on monitoring the emitted white synchrotron radiation flux. If less than 1000 electrons are stored (IR〈0.8 nA) then electron counting is performed. In the intermediate range (0.8 nA〈IR〈1 mA), IR is determined via windowless photodiodes which have been calibrated against the transformers and against the single electron measurements which allow a check of the linearity of the detectors. We report on the calibration procedure, on influences of changes of the source, and on the resultant uncertainties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140946
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