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  • 1
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    Large-scale renewable energy integration within energy-efficient urban areas: results from three German case studies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-17
    Description: Cities consume the vast majority of global energy and, therefore, are major contributors of worldwide CO 2 and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy use is chiefly driven by how electricity is produced, how energy is utilized within buildings and how people and materials are moved around a city. Thus, many cities today are committed to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and the fraction of renewables in energy budgets. However, quantitative data on energy performance and costs are rarely available, making it difficult for cities to effectively evaluate which energy-saving concepts work today and which will work best in the future. This article contributes to the analysis of urban energy performance through a detailed study of three urban case studies. The German case studies cover a medium-sized city (Ludwigsburg) and two city quarters under development (Munich) as well as a recently built (Ostfildern). Although in all cases, solar technologies have the highest potential for decentral renewable supply, the main renewable sources used are biomass and deep geothermal energy, the main reason being today's cost-effectiveness. The Munich case study showed that deep geothermal energy can produce renewable heat at less cost and emissions than biomass or conventional fuels, but there is no renewable contribution to the electricity demand. The 350 ha development will rely on large-scale photovoltaic (PV) integration for a renewable electricity contribution. In the low energy building quarter of Ostfildern, a biomass cogeneration plant covers 80% of the heating and 35% of the electricity consumption. Another 45% of the electricity consumption could be theoretically covered by rooftop PV. The monitoring results show that even on a city quarter scale, it is very difficult to achieve a 100% renewable supply of heating and electricity, if the consumption levels stay at current levels.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Regulatory T-cell suppressor program co-opts transcription factor IRF4 to control T(H)2 responses (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-03
    Description: In the course of infection or autoimmunity, particular transcription factors orchestrate the differentiation of T(H)1, T(H)2 or T(H)17 effector cells, the responses of which are limited by a distinct lineage of suppressive regulatory T cells (T(reg)). T(reg) cell differentiation and function are guided by the transcription factor Foxp3, and their deficiency due to mutations in Foxp3 results in aggressive fatal autoimmune disease associated with sharply augmented T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokine production. Recent studies suggested that Foxp3 regulates the bulk of the Foxp3-dependent transcriptional program indirectly through a set of transcriptional regulators serving as direct Foxp3 targets. Here we show that in mouse T(reg) cells, high amounts of interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4), a transcription factor essential for T(H)2 effector cell differentiation, is dependent on Foxp3 expression. We proposed that IRF4 expression endows T(reg) cells with the ability to suppress T(H)2 responses. Indeed, ablation of a conditional Irf4 allele in T(reg) cells resulted in selective dysregulation of T(H)2 responses, IL4-dependent immunoglobulin isotype production, and tissue lesions with pronounced plasma cell infiltration, in contrast to the mononuclear-cell-dominated pathology typical of mice lacking T(reg) cells. Our results indicate that T(reg) cells use components of the transcriptional machinery, promoting a particular type of effector CD4(+) T cell differentiation, to efficiently restrain the corresponding type of the immune response.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864791/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864791/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Ye -- Chaudhry, Ashutosh -- Kas, Arnold -- deRoos, Paul -- Kim, Jeong M -- Chu, Tin-Tin -- Corcoran, Lynn -- Treuting, Piper -- Klein, Ulf -- Rudensky, Alexander Y -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 19;458(7236):351-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07674. Epub 2009 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases/pathology ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Cell Differentiation ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin E/blood/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology ; Interferon Regulatory Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology ; Th2 Cells/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Thymus Gland/cytology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Millimeter wave surface resistance of epitaxially grown YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films (1989)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 757-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the surface resistance of two c-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7−x thin-film samples in a copper host cavity at 86.7 GHz between 4.2 and 300 K. High quality films of 0.6 and 0.4 μm thickness have been grown epitaxially on SrTiO3 by pulsed excimer laser ablation. Their millimeter wave absorption drops sharply at a transition temperature of 86 and 88 K to a corresponding surface resistance at 77 K of 18 mΩ and less than 8 mΩ, respectively. These values exceed the best results on polycrystalline samples and come close to the expectation from classical superconductors. Therefore, applications of high Tc superconductors up to THz frequencies can be envisaged now.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101472
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unshielded use of thin-film Nb dc superconducting quantum interference devices and integrated asymmetric gradiometers for nondestructive evaluation (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 131-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Novel nondestructive evaluation measurements made using niobium dc superconducting quantum interference devices with integrated asymmetric first-order gradiometers are described. Comparative theoretical and experimental studies of their spatial response have been described, and it is shown that the gradiometric response makes operation possible in an unshielded and electromagnetically noisy environment. As a demonstration of their capabilities, subsurface defects in a multilayer aluminum structure have been located and mapped using induced eddy currents at 70 Hz, with no magnetic shielding around the specimen or cryostat. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119450
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effective microwave surface impedance of high Tc thin films (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 6940-6945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the effective surface impedance Zeff=Reff+iXeff of superconducting thin films on the film thickness d, on the magnetic field penetration depth λ, and on the dielectric properties of the substrate material is investigated theoretically by means of impedance transformations. It was found that the effective surface resistance Reff can be expressed by RSf(d/λ)+Rtrans where RS is the intrinsic surface resistance of the superconductor. The function f(d/λ) describes the altered current density distribution in the film. Rtrans arises from power transmission through the film. It depends on d and λ as well as on the dielectric properties of the substrate material and is significantly altered in the case of a resonant background. The effective surface reactance Xeff of a superconducting thin film can be expressed by XS cosh(d/λ) where XS=ωμ0λ is the intrinsic surface reactance. Measurements of Zeff at 87 GHz have been performed for YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films grown epitaxially by laser ablation on SrTiO3, MgO, and LaAlO3. With the best films, Reff (77 K) values of 21 mΩ and RS (77 K) values of 8 mΩ were achieved. The temperature dependence of λ was found to be in good agreement to both weak-coupling BCS theory in the clean limit and the empirical two-fluid model relation with λ (0 K) values ranging from 140 to 170 nm and 205 to 250 nm, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345037
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophoretic deposition of textured YBa2Cu3O7−x films on silver substrates (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 66 (1989), S. 5940-5943 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have deposited 10–20-μm-thick YBa2Cu3O7−x films by an electrophoretic process on silver substrates in a magnetic field of 8 T. X-ray diffraction patterns of these 2.4-cm-diameter samples show a high degree of c-axis texturing perpendicular to the surface. Their microwave surface resistance Rs was measured at 21.5 GHz in the temperature range from 4.2 to 300 K. It was found to drop sharply at 92.4 K to reach 18±3 mΩ at 77 K and less than 3 mΩ at 4.2 K. These first results exceed the values obtained from bulk samples and untextured thick films, and are lower than Rs of pure copper at the same frequency and temperature. The electrophoretic deposition technique is applicable to large substrates of nonplanar geometry and is therefore suitable for applications of high-Tc superconductors in the field of microwave technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343620
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for degradation of heparan sulfate by endoglycosidases: Glucosamine and hexuronic acid are reducing terminals of intracellular heparan sulfate from human skin fibroblasts
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 69 (1976), S. 158-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(76)80286-0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for degradation of heparan sulfate by endoglycosidases: Glucosamine and hexuronic acid are reducing terminals of intracellular heparan sulfate from human skin fibroblasts
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 69 (1976), S. 158-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(76)80286-0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A constant superfluid flow in an impure superconductor
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters A 183 (1993), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0375-9601
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0375-9601(93)91178-8
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging of spatial structures of fiske-, shapiro-, and photon-assisted tunnelling step states in Josephson tunnel junctions
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 165-166 (1990), S. 167-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0921-4526
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(90)80933-A
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