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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 44 (1993), S. 173-211 
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 84 (1986), S. 1827-1832 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We examine types of short range order that arise in binary liquids from a combination of Coulombic interactions and nonadditivity of excluded volumes, the initial motivation being observations of complex formation by hydrated ions in concentrated aqueous solutions. The model is a fluid of charged hard spheres with contact distances σ+−≠ 1/2 (σ+++σ−−), its structural functions being evaluated in the mean spherical approximation and in the hypernetted chain approximation. Cation–anion pairing is clearly seen in the calculated structural functions for negative deviations from additivity (σ+−〈σ++=σ−−), though the absence of true chemical bonding in the model does not allow long-lived complexes. Positive deviations from additivity (σ+−〉σ++=σ−−) favor long-wavelength concentration fluctuations and demixing in a neutral mixture: these are suppressed by Coulombic interactions in favor of microscopic intermixing of the two species in the local liquid structure, up to like-ion pairing. Comparison is made with diffraction from concentrated aqueous solutions of cadmium sulphate and other instances of possible applicability of the model are pointed out.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 2943-2950 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interfacial properties of an ionic fluid next to a uniformly charged planar wall are studied in the restricted primitive model by both theoretical and Monte Carlo methods. The system is a 1:1 fluid of equisized charged hard spheres in a state appropriate to 1 M aqueous electrolyte solutions. The interfacial density profiles of counterions and coions are evaluated by extending the hypernetted chain approximation (HNC) to include the leading bridge diagrams for the wall–ion correlations. The theoretical results compare well with those of grand canonical Monte Carlo computations of Torrie and Valleau over the whole range of surface charge density considered by these authors, thus resolving the earlier disagreement between statistical mechanical theories and simulation data at large charge densities. In view of the importance of the model as a testing ground for theories of the diffuse layer, the Monte Carlo calculations are tested by considering alternative choices for the basic simulation cell and are extended so as to allow an evaluation of the differential capacitance of the model interface by two independent methods. These involve numerical differentiation of the mean potential drop as a function of the surface charge density or alternatively an appropriate use of a fluctuation theory formula for the capacitance. The results of these two Monte Carlo approaches consistently indicate an initially smooth increase of the diffuse layer capacitance followed by structure at large charge densities, this behavior being connected with layering of counterions as already revealed in the density profiles reported by Torrie and Valleau.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 4 (1984), S. 413-427 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Specific calculations and results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il lavoro stabilisce una connessione tra il legame degli alogenuri alcalino-terrosi nella fase solida e nella fase molecolare, nell'ambito di un modello ionico. La conformazione strutturale di queste molecole, rivelata da esperimenti di deflessione elettrica di fasci molecolari, è collegata alla polarizzabilità elettronica dello ione metallico e al raggio ionico dell'alogeno. Varie proprietà molecolari (angolo e lunghezza di legame, energia di legame, frequenze vibrazionali) sono calcolate da leggi di forza determinate sulla fase solida. I risultati sono confrontati con dati sperimentali disponibili su molecole sia allo stato libero che in matrice solida, esaminando in alcuni sistemi scelte diverse dei parametri nelle leggi di forza che sono state usate in letteratura in studi del solido ad alte temperature e della fase liquida.
    Abstract: Резюме В этой статье устанавливается связь, в рамках ионной модели, между связью дигалогенидов щелочноземельных элементов в твердой фазе и в молекулярной фазе. В этой модели поляризуемость металлического иона и радиус галогена представляют собой параметры, которые определяют структуру этих молекул, линейную или изогнутую, как было показано в экспериментах по электрическому отклонению на молекулярных пучках. Проводятся вычисления молекулярного угла, длины связи, энергии связи и колебательных частот, учитывая законы для межионных сил, полученные из исследований твердых галогенидов щелочноземельных элементов. Полученные результаты сравниваются с экспериментальными данными для молекул, либо в свободном состоянии, либо внедренных в твердую криптоновую матрицу. Проведенный анализ обеспечивает предварительную проверку моделей межионных сил для исследования твердой и жидкой структур.
    Notes: Summary The paper establishes a connection, in the framework of an ionic model, between the binding of alkaline-earth dihalides in the solid phase and in the molecular phase. The polarizabilities of the metal ion and the halogen radius are identified in the model as the parameters which determine the structure of these molecules as either linear or bent, as revealed in electrical deflection experiments on molecular beams. Calculations of the molecular angle, the bond length, the binding energy and the vibrational frequencies are carried out with interionic-force laws taken over from studies of the solid alkaline-earth halides, the results being compared with the available experimental data on molecules either in the free state or embedded in a solid-krypton matrix. The analysis provides a preliminary test of interionic force models for hot-solid and liquid-structure studies.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 6 (1985), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La localizzazione di elettroni per effetto di repulsioni coulombiane sufficientemente forti porta ad un modello di elettroni che oscillano attorno a siti reticolari in potenziali armonici. Si studia il diamagnetismo orbitale di un siffatto oscillatore localizzato di Wigner in campo magnetico d'intensità arbitraria. Il contributo dovuto al momento angolare orbitale e quello di Langevin-Pauli sono calcolati separatamente mediante il teorema di Feynman. Si discute la possibile connessione dei risultati con il problema della curva di fusione del cristallo di Wigner in campo magnetico.
    Notes: Summary Electron crystallization due to sufficiently strong Coulomb repulsions leads to a model of electrons oscillating about lattice sites in harmonic potentials. We have studied the orbital diamagnetism of such a localized Wigner oscillator in an applied magnetic field of arbitrary strength. The two contributions from orbital angular momentum and from Langevin-Pauli behaviour are separately calculated using Feynman's theorem. Possible relevance to the melting curve of the Wigner crystals in a magnetic field is pointed out.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 1 (1982), S. 409-421 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Questo lavoro analizza dati sperimentali di diffrazione neutronica da soluzioni liquide K−KCl e Rb−RbBr a varie composizioni. Mentre la diffusione a piccoli angoli (per numeri d'onda trasferiti inferiori a circa 1 Å−1) è fortemente influenzata da effetti di schermo e di aggregazione associati agli elettroni esterni della componente metallica, l'ordine a corto raggio in questi sistemi è ben riprodotto da un modello che li considera come miscele ioniche. La struttura del sistema K−KCl ad alte concentrazioni della componente metallica è ulteriormente studiata in dettaglio da punti di vista diversi. Si mostra cosí che il sistema in questa regione di composizione può anche essere visto come un metallo espanso di cui gli ioni alogeno riducono fortemente l'ordine a corto raggio. Si discutono infine alcuni aspetti dell'ordine a corto raggio nella regione di alte concentrazioni della componente salina, associati con uno struttura secondaria nella figura di diffrazione.
    Abstract: Резюме Исследуются результаты дифракции нейтронов на жидких растворах K−KCl и Rb−RbBr при различных составах. Исследование проводится в рамках модели ионной смеси, в которой пренебрегается экранированием и агрегацией, обусловленными металлическими электронами. Эта модель объясняет главные особенности наблюденных картин дифракции для волновых чиселk порядка 1 Å−1. С разных точек зрения анализируется фазовая диаграмма в системе K−KCl. Описываются короткодействующие корреляции для ионов калия в указанной области, используя металлический радиус, выведенный из свойств чистогожидкого металла, но простая металлическая модель должна быть дополнена предположением, что существенный беспорядок вводится в структуру металла ионами галогенов. Интерпретируются особенности короткодействующего упорядочения в области с высоким содержанием соли, которые связаны с выступом у главного пика со стороны большихk на диаграмме дифракции.
    Notes: Summary Neutron diffraction patterns from K−KCl and Rb−RbBr liquid solutions at various compositions are examined in a ionic-mixture model which neglects screening and aggregation due to the metallic electrons. The main features of the observed diffraction patterns for wave numberk roughly above 1 Å−1 are accounted for by the model. The approach to the metal-rich end of the phase diagram is analysed in detail from different viewpoints in the K−KCl system. Short-range correlations of the potassium ions are described in this region by a metallic radius deduced from properties of the pure liquid metal, but a simple expanded-metal model must be supplemented by the assumption that considerable disorder is introduced in its structure by the halogen ions. Features of short-range ordering in the salt-rich region that are implied by a shoulder on the high-k side of the main peak in the diffraction pattern are also commented upon.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 11 (1989), S. 1509-1514 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Statistical theories of liquid structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that long-wavelength concentration fluctuations in a binary liquid metal alloy are determined by a pair interchange free energyw, which is exactly given by the sum of an elastic strain term and of the concentration-concentration direct correlation function. The latter is evaluated in an alloy of homovalent components by electron screening theory in the pseudopotential approach of Shaw and Harrison and shown to be entirely determined by nonlocal terms reflecting charge transfer to the more electronegative alloy component. Numerical calculations for the liquid Na−K alloy show strong cancellation between the two contributions tow at all concentrations, in qualitative agreement with experiment.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 559-562 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Kinetic and transport theory ; Classical, semiclassical, and quantum theories of liquid structure ; Acoustical properties of liquids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The viscosity coefficient entering sound wave attenuation is evaluated for the liquid alkali metals in an ion-electron plasma approach. It is shown that the contribution from electrical conduction, though small, is by no means negligible. The calculated longitudinal viscosity is very close to the measured shear viscosity contribution, the bulk viscosity being expected to be small in the present approach.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 12 (1990), S. 619-632 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Kinetic and transport theory ; Classical, semiclassical and quantum theories of liquid structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si discutono gli sviluppi di modelli di forze interatomiche appropriati agli stati liquido e amorfo di sistemi covalenti, con le caratteristiche di direzionalità provenienti dal legame chimico. In particolare, opportuni potenziali a tre corpi sono stati ampiamente usati, a partire dal lavoro di Stillinger e Weber sul silicio e mediante tecniche di simulazione numerica, per lo studio della struttura liquida e amorfa degli elementi semiconduttori del IV gruppo e dei loro calcogenuri binari. Tuttavia, modelli descritti in termini di potenziali di coppia appropriati, che possano tener conto, seppur ad un livello primitivo, degli effetti principali di dipendenze angolari nelle forze interatomiche efficaci, hanno interesse in relazione alla teoria meccanico-statistica dello stato liquido. In quest'ambito si dà particolare attenzione a modelli che usano particelle di legame per trattare la struttura di stati disordinati del germanio. Si discute anche la connessione tra la struttura liquida in un tale modello e un processo di cristillazizzazione accompagnato da localizzazione elettronica e da espansione di volume, quale si osserva in semiconduttori dei gruppi IV e III–V.
    Abstract: Резюме В последние несколъко лет предпринятЫ значителънЫе усилия для равития моделей межатомнЫх сил с целъю объяснения направленности связей при расчетах структурЫ жидкого и аморфного состояний. Модели, включаюше трехчастичнЫе потенциалЫ, явлются особенно удобнЫми для численного моделирования жидкого и аморфного состояний в злементарнЫх полупроводниках и бинарнЫх халчкогенидах злементов IV-группЫ, начиная с раборЫ Стилингера и Вебера на кремнии. Однако, модели парного потениала, котрЫе могут еше объяснитъ главнЫе зффектЫ угловЫх зависимотей зффективнЫх межатомнЫх сил, хотя на примитивном уровне, бЫли бЫ желателънЫ с точки зрения теории структурЫ жидкости. Предлается краткий обзор этих подходов, причем особое внимание уделяется моделям связаннЫх частиц, для структурЫ жидкого и аморфного германия. МЫ также обсуждаем соотношение между структурой жидкости в модели связаннЫх частиц и кристаллизацией, которая сопровождается увеличечнием обьма, которое наблюдается в злементарнЫх и полярнЫх III–V полупроводникх.
    Notes: Summary Considerable effort has been given for some years to developing models of interatomic forces aimed at accounting for bond directionality in liquid and amorphous state calculations. Models involving three-body potentials have been especially useful for computer simulation studies of liquid and amorphous states in elemental semiconductors and binary chalcogenides of group-IV elements, starting with the work of Stillinger and Weber on silicon. However, pair potential models that may still account for the main effects of angular dependences of the effective interatomic forces, though at a primitive level, are desirable from the viewpoint of liquid structure theory. Developments in this direction are briefly reviewed, with particular emphasis on bond particle models for the structure of liquid and amorphous germanium. We also discuss the relation between liquid structure in a bond-particle model and crystallization accompanied by electron localization and volume expansion, as observed in elemental and III-V polar semiconductors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 15 (1993), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Statistical theories of liquid structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The correlations between long-wavelength fluctuations of concentration in a liquid binary alloy are determined by a balance between an elastic-strain free energy and an Ornstein-Zernike effective interaction. The latter is extracted from thermodynamic data in the case of the Li−Pb system, which is well known to chemically order with stoichiometric composition corresponding to Li4Pb. Strong attractive interactions between concentration fluctuations near the composition of chemical ordering originate from electronic charge transfer, which is estimated from the electron-ion partial structure factors as functions of composition in the liquid alloy.
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