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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions (2022)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Forestry. ; Conservation biology. ; Ecology . ; Bioclimatology. ; Environmental monitoring. ; Environmental economics. ; Environment. ; Forestry. ; Conservation Biology. ; Climate Change Ecology. ; Environmental Monitoring. ; Environmental Economics. ; Environmental Sciences.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. An Introduction to Climate-Smart Forestry in mountain regions -- Chapter 2. Defining climate-smart forestry -- Chapter 3. Assessment of indicators for climate smart management in mountain forests -- Chapter 4. National Forest Inventory data to evaluate Climate-Smart Forestry -- Chapter 5. Efficacy of trans-geographic observational network design for revelation of growth pattern in mountain forests across Europe -- Chapter 6. Changes of tree and stand growth. Review and implications -- Chapter 7. Modelling future growth of mountain forests under changing environments -- Chapter 8. Climate-smart silviculture in mountain regions -- Chapter 9. Smart harvest operations and timber processing for improved forest management -- Chapter 10. Continuous monitoring of tree responses to climate change for smart forestry – a cybernetic web of trees -- Chapter 11. Remote sensing technologies for assessing climate-smart criteria in mountain forests -- Chapter 12. Economic and social perspective of Climate-smart Forestry: incentives for behavioral change to climate-smart practices in the long-term -- Chapter 13. Assessing the economic impacts of climate change on mountain forests: a literature review -- Chapter 14. Review of policy instruments for climate-smart mountain forestry -- Chapter 15. The role of forests in climate change mitigation: the EU context -- Chapter 16. Smartforests Canada – A network of monitoring plots for forest management under environmental change -- Chapter 17. Climate-Smart Forestry in Brazil.
    Abstract: This open access book offers a cross-sectoral reference for both managers and scientists interested in climate-smart forestry, focusing on mountain regions. It provides a comprehensive analysis on forest issues, facilitating the implementation of climate objectives. This book includes structured summaries of each chapter. Funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme, CLIMO has brought together scientists and experts in continental and regional focus assessments through a cross-sectoral approach, facilitating the implementation of climate objectives. CLIMO has provided scientific analysis on issues including criteria and indicators, growth dynamics, management prescriptions, long-term perspectives, monitoring technologies, economic impacts, and governance tools.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XXIII, 574 p. 1 illus. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 9783030807672
    Series Statement: Managing Forest Ecosystems, 40
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2
    DDC: 634.9
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf mineral concentrations of Erica arborea, Juniperus communis and Myrtus communis growing in the proximity of a natural CO2 spring (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Leaf mineral concentrations of co-occurring Erica arborea, Juniperus communis and Myrtus communis were measured at bimonthly intervals throughout a year in a natural CO2 spring and in a nearby control site with similar soil chemistry in a Mediterranean environment. There were different responses to the elevated [CO2] (c. 700 μL L−1) of the spring site plants depending on the element and the species. In the CO2 spring site K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Fe, and Ti leaf concentrations and the ratio C/N showed significant greater values in at least one or two of the three species. Leaf S concentration were greater in all three species. Leaf concentrations of N, Sr, Co, and B were lower in at least one or two species, and those of C and Ba were lower in all the three studied species near the CO2 spring. P, Na, Zn, Si, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mo, V and Cd leaf concentrations and the specific leaf area (SLA, measured in Myrtus communis) did not show any consistent or significant pattern in response to the elevated [CO2] of the spring site. There was a slight trend towards maximum concentrations of most of these elements during autumn–winter and minimum values during the spring season, especially in Myrtus communis. Multivariate principal component analyses based on the leaf elemental concentrations clearly differentiated the two sites and the three species. Lower concentrations at the spring site were not the result of a dilution effect by increased structural or nonstructural carbon. In contrast to most experimental studies of CO2 enrichment, mainly conducted for short periods, several of these elements had greater concentrations in the CO2 spring site. Nutrient acclimation and possible causes including decreased nutrient export, increased nutrient uptake capacity, photosynthetic down-regulation, Mediterranean water stress, and higher H2S concentration in the spring site are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00409.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecophysiological responses of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to changing light conditions. I. Interactions between photosynthetic acclimation and photoinhibition during simulated canopy gap formation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 101 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Natural regeneration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) establishes under shade, but sudden exposure to high irradiance may occur due to openings in the canopy. To elucidate ecophysiological mechanisms associated with survival of European beech seedlings, the gas exchange, chlorophyll concentrations, and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters of two different beech populations were studied under changing light conditions. Plants were grown both in a growth chamber and at a natural site (one population) where the seedlings were raised in containers placed in understory and in simulated canopy gaps. Upon exposure to high light in the growth chamber, photosynthetic rates of shade-acclimated leaves of seedlings from both populations increased severalfold and then decreased over several days to the rates of the low-light control seedlings. High-light seedlings always had the highest photosynthetic rates. Initial fluorescence displayed a trend opposite that of photosynthesis; it increased over time, and relative fluorescence and half-time rise declined continuously until the end of experiment to very low values. Exposure to high light of shade-acclimated seedlings resulted in a shift in chlorophyll concentrations to levels intermediate between high-light and low-light seedlings. The light treatment effects were statistically greater than population effects; however, seedlings from the Abetone population were found to be more susceptible to changing light conditions than seedlings from Sicily. Reciprocal light treatments on plants growing at the natural site confirmed the results obtained in the growth chamber experiment. Overall, beech seedlings grown in the field appeared to have a fairly large acclimation potential achieved by plasticity in the photosynthetic apparatus. The lack of pronounced acclimation to high light in seedlings grown in the growth chamber was ascribed to a threshold-type relationship between the acclimation capacity and the level of damage. These observations on the limited potential for acclimation to high light in leaves of European beech seedlings which show a clear capability to exploit sunflecks, are discussed in relation to regeneration following canopy gap formation and reinforce the view of the central role of gap formation in forest dynamics. We conclude that small forest gaps (in which sunflecks play a major role) may present a favorable environment for survival and growth of beech because of their limited ability to acclimate to a sudden increase in irradiance and because of the moderate levels of light stress found in small gaps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01827.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecophysiological responses of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to changing light conditions. II. The interaction of light environment and soil fertility on seedling physiology (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 101 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The survival and growth of natural beech regeneration after canopy removal is variable and little is known about ecophysiological mechanisms of these responses. Biomass, nonstructural carbohydrate levels and nitrogen concentrations were measured in an Italian population of European beech seedlings. Seedlings were container-grown in two types of soil, organic and mineral, collected at the study site. The seedlings were grown under three light treatments: under full beech canopy (understory), exposed to full sun only during midday (gap) and under full sun (clearing). Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were measured and then foliar analyses were conducted for chlorophyll, phenolic and tannin levels. Biomass and allocation were significantly affected by light and soil treatments. The clearing seedlings and those in organic soil were larger than seedlings in the other light treatments or soil type. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were lower in the understory seedlings and significant differences between soil types were present in the gap and clearing seedlings. Nitrogen concentrations were higher in the understory seedlings and those growing in the organic soil compared to the other treatments. Gas exchange rates were highest in clearing and the organic soil seedlings. Gap seedlings exhibited photosynthetic acclimation that allowed them to utilize high light of midday and any sunflecks during the morning and afternoon. Relative fluorescence was significantly influenced by both light treatment and soil type, with the highest values observed in the gap seedlings. Light response curves showed decreasing apparent maximum quantum efficiency from the understory to clearing, while maximum photosynthetic rate was highest in the gap seedlings. Chlorophyll concentration was highest in understory seedlings and those growing in organic soil and higher in seedlings growing in organic than in mineral soil. Both foliar tannin and phenolic levels were highest in clearing seedlings, and only tannin concentrations were affected by soil type. Understory seedlings had the highest mortality and insect herbivory; the latter was found to be inversely related to tannin concentration. Overall, growth and photosynthesis in beech seedlings responded positively to high light associated with small canopy gaps. Organic soil increased seedling size, particularly in the gap and clearing environments. We conclude that forest gaps are favorable for photosynthesis and growth of European beech seedlings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01828.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water relations and gas exchange in poplar and willow under water stress and elevated atmospheric CO2 (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 115 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Predictions of shifts in rainfall patterns as atmospheric [CO2] increases could impact the growth of fast growing trees such as Populus spp. and Salix spp. and the interaction between elevated CO2 and water stress in these species is unknown. The objectives of this study were to characterize the responses to elevated CO2 and water stress in these two species, and to determine if elevated CO2 mitigated drought stress effects. Gas exchange, water potential components, whole plant transpiration and growth response to soil drying and recovery were assessed in hybrid poplar (clone 53–246) and willow (Salix sagitta) rooted cuttings growing in either ambient (350 µmol mol−1) or elevated (700 µmol mol−1) atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]). Predawn water potential decreased with increasing water stress while midday water potentials remained unchanged (isohydric response). Turgor potentials at both predawn and midday increased in elevated [CO2], indicative of osmotic adjustment. Gas exchange was reduced by water stress while elevated [CO2] increased photosynthetic rates, reduced leaf conductance and nearly doubled instantaneous transpiration efficiency in both species. Dark respiration decreased in elevated [CO2] and water stress reduced Rd in the trees growing in ambient [CO2]. Willow had 56% lower whole plant hydraulic conductivity than poplar, and showed a 14% increase in elevated [CO2] while poplar was unresponsive. The physiological responses exhibited by poplar and willow to elevated [CO2] and water stress, singly, suggest that these species respond like other tree species. The interaction of [CO2] and water stress suggests that elevated [CO2] did mitigate the effects of water stress in willow, but not in poplar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150111.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings from two Italian populations to drought and recovery (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1995), S. 348-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Chlorophyll content ; Fagus sylvatica ; Gas exchanges ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Relative fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of gas exchange, leaf chlorophyll content, relative fluorescence to decreasing water potential and recovery was followed in European beech seedlings from two Italian populations, differing in their native precipitation amounts. A population from Sicily (southern Italy) was selected as representative of a xeric population while a population from central Italy, Abetone, represented a mesic one. Dry-matter partitioning, leaf area, hydraulic sufficiency and xylem embolism were evaluated in both well-watered control plants as well as in plants subjected to drought. With the onset of water stress, values of water potential, leaf relative water content, net photosynthesis, leaf conductance and leaf chlorophyll concentration decreased concurrently while relative fluorescence remained unchanged. The population from Sicily showed a delay in effects of the imposed drought. Within 5 days of rewatering, leaf conductance was not fully recovered while all of the other parameters recovered to control levels, in both populations. Total, shoot, stem and root dry weight tended to be higher in seedlings from Abetone, even though both populations had similar photosynthetic rates. The population from Sicily exhibited about 3% greater (even if not significant) allocation to roots than the population from Abetone. Seedlings from Abetone had higher, but not significant, leaf specific conductivity and per cent loss in hydraulic conductivity than seedlings from Sicily. Drought resulted in a reduction of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic sufficiency in seedlings from both populations. Photosynthesis of water stressed plants from both populations appeared to be reduced primarily by carbon dioxide diffusion through stomata and perhaps secondarily by changes in chlorophyll concentration rather than by efficiency of photosystem II. The effect of hydraulic factors on gas exchange during drought and recovery was not clearly evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202499
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  • 7
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    Insensitivity of Tree-Ring Growth to Temperature and Precipitation Sharpens the Puzzle of Enhanced Pre-Eruption NDVI on Mt. Etna (Italy) (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Description: On Mt. Etna (Italy), an enhanced Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index (NDVI) signature was detected in the summers of 2001 and 2002 along a distinct line where, in November 2002, a flank eruption subsequently occurred. These observations suggest that pre-eruptive volcanic activity may have enhanced photosynthesis along the future eruptive fissure. If a direct relation between NDVI and future volcanic eruptions could be established, it would provide a straightforward and low-cost method for early detection of upcoming eruptions. However, it is unclear if, or to what extent, the observed enhancement of NDVI can be attributed to volcanic activity prior to the subsequent eruption. We consequently aimed at determining whether an increase in ambient temperature or additional water availability owing to the rise of magma and degassing of water vapour prior to the eruption could have increased photosynthesis of Mt. Etna's trees. Using dendro-climatic analyses we quantified the sensitivity of tree ring widths to temperature and precipitation at high elevation stands on Mt. Etna. Our findings suggest that tree growth at high elevation on Mt. Etna is weakly influenced by climate, and that neither an increase in water availability nor an increase in temperature induced by pre-eruptive activity is a plausible mechanism for enhanced photosynthesis before the 2002/2003 flank eruption. Our findings thus imply that other, yet unknown, factors must be sought as causes of the pre-eruption enhancement of NDVI on Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: e0169297
    Description: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index (NDVI) ; photosynthesis ; eruption ; relation between NDVI and future volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Photoperiod and temperature as dominant environmental drivers triggering secondary growth resumption in Northern Hemisphere conifers (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Wood formation consumes around 15% of the anthropogenic CO2emissions per year and plays a critical role in long-term sequestration of carbon on Earth. However, the exogenous factors driving wood formation onset and the underlying cellular mechanisms are still poorly understood and quantified, and this hampers an effective assessment of terrestrial forest productivity and carbon budget under global warming. Here, we used an extensive collection of unique datasets of weekly xylem tissue formation (wood formation) from 21 coniferous species across the Northern Hemisphere (latitudes 23 to 67°N) to present a quantitative demonstration that the onset of wood formation in Northern Hemisphere conifers is primarily driven by photoperiod and mean annual temperature (MAT), and only secondarily by spring forcing, winter chilling, and moisture availability. Photoperiod interacts with MAT and plays the dominant role in regulating the onset of secondary meristem growth, contrary to its as-yet-unquantified role in affecting the springtime phenology of primary meristems. The unique relationships between exogenous factors and wood formation could help to predict how forest ecosystems respond and adapt to climate warming and could provide a better understanding of the feedback occurring between vegetation and climate that is mediated by phenology. Our study quantifies the role of major environmental drivers for incorporation into state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs), thereby providing an improved assessment of long-term and high-resolution observations of biogeochemical cycles across terrestrial biomes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Evidence of elevation-specific growth changes of spruce, fir, and beech in European mixed mountain forests during the last three centuries (2020)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
    Description: In Europe, mixed mountain forests, primarily comprised of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), cover about 10 × 106 ha at elevations between ∼600 and 1600 m a.s.l. These forests provide invaluable ecosystem services. However, the growth of these forests and the competition among their main species are expected to be strongly affected by climate warming. In this study, we analyzed the growth development of spruce, fir, and beech in moist mixed mountain forests in Europe over the last 300 years. Based on tree-ring analyses on long-term observational plots, we found for all three species (i) a nondecelerating, linear diameter growth trend spanning more than 300 years; (ii) increased growth levels and trends, the latter being particularly pronounced for fir and beech; and (iii) an elevation-dependent change of fir and beech growth. Whereas in the past, the growth was highest at lower elevations, today’s growth is superior at higher elevations. This spatiotemporal pattern indicates significant changes in the growth and interspecific competition at the expense of spruce in mixed mountain forests. We discuss possible causes, consequences, and silvicultural implications of these distinct growth changes in mixed mountain forests.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    Pan-European Sustainable Forest Management indicators for assessing Climate-Smart Forestry in Europe (2020)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-17
    Description: The increasing demand for innovative forest management strategies to adapt to and mitigate climate change, and benefit forest production, so called Climate-Smart Forestry, calls for a tool to monitor and evaluate their implementation and their effect on forest development over time. The Pan-European set of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management is considered one of the most important tools for assessing many aspects of forest management and its sustainability. This study offers an analytic approach to select a subset of indicators to support the implementation of Climate-Smart Forestry. Based on a literature review and the analytic hierarchical approach, 10 indicators were selected to assess, in particular, mitigation and adaptation. These indicators were used to assess the state of Climate-Smart Forestry trend in Europe from 1990 to 2015, using data from the reports on the State of Europe’s Forests. Forest damage, tree species composition and carbon stock were the most important indicators. Though the trend was overall positive with regard to adaptation and mitigation, its evaluation was partly hindered by the lack of data. We advocate for increased efforts to harmonize international reporting and for further integrating the goals of Climate-Smart Forestry in national and European-level forest policy making.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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