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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Genetic alterations responsible for a disease are generally reflected in specific proteins which could be structurally altered, synthesized in abnormal quantities or not made at all. We have searched previously for mutant proteins in DMD fibroblasts using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 285-316 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Regulation ; shadow price ; economics ; markets ; natural gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Inclusion of the shadow prices for natural gas in a dynamic fuels model for the United States shows that the primary reason for the relatively large, fly-up in new marginal gas prices in the early 1980's was the release of the pent-up price effects of the U.S. government's price regulations. In accordance with principles, the shadow price of natural gas fell siginificantly following de-regulation of the highcost gas (section 107) in 1980, which represented the precursor for downward adjustments in marginal wellhead prices of new high-cost gas and drilling activity. The modeling results show that no significant fly-up in new marginal gas prices for lower-cost gas (section 102) is likely to occur in 1985, when its phased de-regulation ends and it is finally de-regulated, because no shadow price precursor currently exists for this gas. Shadow price principles clear up the primary misconceptions with regard to natural gas pricing. This application indicates the significance of shadow price principles for regulated pricing in general.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 66 (1996), S. xi 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Efficiency sensitivity ; interior point algorithm ; analytic centers ; potential data errors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The setE of extreme points which are also efficient are of basic importance in defining the efficiency frontier, from which the observations for all other DMUs are evaluated in DEA. A significant question which we address is “What variations in the data can be tolerated before the membership inE is changed?” This topic is explored using (1) a simple illustrative example, and (2) production data for 30 independent oil companies during the period 1983–1985. Data were allowed to vary simultaneously for all observations and in different subsets determined by random drawings of data for points both inE and not inE. The results were found to be robust in this study, thereby lending further support to earlier studies which also found these classifications into efficient and inefficient performers to be robust in DEA. Technical developments for these new methods of sensitivity analysis are supplied. These developments feature an application of analytic center (interior point) algorithms which ensure that the Strong Complementary Slackness Condition (SCSC) is fulfilled. The solutions satisfy a mathematical condition called “centrality”. Generally, the solutions are at interior points calledanalytic centers. At these interior points, continuity of the input-output ratios ensures that DMUs inE remain inE for at least small relative variations in the data, while empirically these properties have been found to extend to much larger variations in the data sets.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 66 (1996), S. 1-45 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Technical inefficiency ; mix inefficiency ; returns to scale ; congestion ; mathematical programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The extensions, new developments and new interpretations for DEA covered in this paper include: (1) new measures of efficiency, (2) new models and (3) new ways of implementing established models with new results and interpretations presented that include treatments of “congestion”, “returns-to-scale” and “mix” and “technical” inefficiencies and measures of efficiency that can be used to reflect all pertinent properties. Previously used models, such as those used to identify “allocative inefficiencies”, are extended by means of “assurance region” approaches which are less demanding in their information requirements and underlying assumptions. New opportunities for research are identified in each section of this chapter. Sources of further developments and possible sources for further help are also suggested with references supplied to other papers that appear in this volume and which are summarily described in this introductory chapter.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Technology ; plants ; tradeoffs ; cost ; policy ; sulfur oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The model estimates, subject to restrictions, the functional relationship between national sulfur dioxide discharges and investment in control technology development. Estimates may be made for different product demands, allowed cost increases, and clean fuel availabilities. Control technology development may be accelerated by increased investment. Both optimal and sub-optimal solutions are calculated for an example problem. A general computing method is provided.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 317-327 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Information ; value ; data ; methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Operational measurement methods may be developed to measure the value of information in the data reported by the U.S. Government. Illustrative measures for cost of cotton production statistics indicate that the benefits from these data in certain important uses may far exceed their costs. If similar measures could be provided for major Government data programmes, it would facilitate the development of a national data policy that is oriented toward decision making and improvements in economic growth, national well-being, and quality of life. Making these estimates would begin to provide the dollar values in important uses of information in the nation's data bases. These values are needed for allocating resources to maintain, refine, and develop fundamental data series. Cutting data expenditure in the absence of these value measures may be false economy indeed; because, reducing data series with very high benefit/cost ratios might well limit, if not reduce, living standards for many generations to come.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes how the recent, published DEA/AR theory, in conjunction with software, provides measures of radial efficiency and profit ratios, This new DEA theory does not require use of the non-Archimedean principle, i.e., positive infinitesimals, and it allows for analysis of zero data entries. Further, this theory provides a comprehensive classification of the measures for both the efficient and inefficient decision-making units (DMUs). As programmed in the software, the efficiency principles are relative to the Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes ratio model and the Banker-Charnes-Cooper convex model, and the profitability principles are relative to the Thompson-Thrall profit ratio model. An illustrative application to 48 large U.S. banks illustrates some of the most fundamental computations, which are developed for a base option. Additional options may be exercised by the user to more fully utilize the theory. Additions to the software are being made to computer “analytic centers” and to make multiplier sensitivity analyses. Software utility updates and new DEA theory contributions continue to complement this computational capability.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Generally, little significance has been attached to the site of the skin biopsy used to establish fibroblast cultures. Yet the potential dangers of such an oversight, when studying mutant cell strains, have been pointed out earlier2. The biopsy site is often not given in cell repository catalogues ...
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  • 10
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