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  • 1
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    Intermediate-mass black holes from Population III remnants in the first galactic nuclei (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-26
    Description: We report the formation of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) in suites of numerical N -body simulations of Population III remnant black holes (BHs) embedded in gas-rich protogalaxies at redshifts z 10. We model the effects of gas drag on the BHs’ orbits, and allow BHs to grow via gas accretion, including a mode of hyper-Eddington accretion in which photon trapping and rapid gas inflow suppress any negative radiative feedback. Most initial BH configurations lead to the formation of one (but never more than one) IMBH in the centre of the protogalaxy, reaching a mass of 10 3–5 M through hyper-Eddington growth. Our results suggest a viable pathway to forming the earliest massive BHs in the centres of early galaxies. We also find that the nuclear IMBH typically captures a stellar-mass BH companion, making these systems observable in gravitational waves as extreme mass-ratio inspirals with eLISA .
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Response of the incompressible ionosphere to the compression of the magnetosphere during the geomagnetic sudden commencements (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-12
    Description: The ionospheric plasma in midlatitude moves upward/downward during the geomagnetic sudden commencement causing the HF Doppler frequency changes; SCF (+ -) and (- +) on the day- and night-sides, respectively, except for the SCF (+ -) in the evening as found by Kikuchi et al.[1985]. Although the preliminary and main frequency deviations (PFD, MFD) of the SCF have been attributed to the dusk-to-dawn and dawn-to-dusk potential electric fields, there still remain questions if the positive PFD can be caused by the compressional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave and what causes the evening anomaly of the SCF. With the HF Doppler sounder, we show that the dayside ionosphere moves upward toward the sun during the main impulse (MI) of the SC, when the compressional wave is supposed to push the ionosphere downward. The motion of the ionosphere is shown to be correlated with the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), matching the potential electric field transmitted with the ionospheric currents from the polar ionosphere. We confirmed that the electric field of the compressional wave is severely suppressed by the conducting ionosphere and reproduced the SC electric fields using the global MHD simulation in which the potential solver is employed. The model calculations well reproduced the PI and MI electric fields and their evening anomaly. It is suggested that the electric potential is transmitted from the polar ionosphere to the equator by the TM 0 (TEM) mode waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. The near-instantaneous transmission of the electric potential leads to instantaneous global response of the incompressible ionosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Convection Under the Due Northward IMF (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Convection under the due northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is reproduced by the global simulation. The resulting magnetosphere is closed except in the XZ plane and separated from the solar wind by the separatrix generated from cusp nulls. Inside the separatrix, there exist three plasma regimes of the cusp high‐pressure region, the low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and the plasma sheet. In the ionosphere, the northward Bz (NBZ) current and the reverse cell occur in higher latitudes than 80°, and the fun‐shaped arc‐like field‐aligned current and the main oval occur in lower latitudes than 80°. Magnetic field lines in the antisunward flow region of the reverse cell are connected to the LLBL that is accelerated to supersonic flow by the cusp pressure. Circulation on the reverse cell in the ionosphere is as a whole constructed to the interchange cycle in the magnetosphere. Convection is looked upon as the process to discharge stress generated by the dayside cusp reconnection. Magnetic stress generated by the reconnection is first converted to thermal energy in the cusp. This thermal energy is drained through three possible routes: release of plasma downtail through the LLBL, dissipation as electromagnetic energy through formation of the dynamo, and evacuation down to the ionosphere through the plasma sheet.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Formation, disruption and energy output of Population III X-ray binaries (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: The first astrophysical objects shaped the cosmic environment by reionizing and heating the intergalactic medium (IGM). Particularly, X-rays are very efficient at heating the IGM before reionization is complete. High-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) in early stellar populations are prime candidates for driving the thermal evolution of the IGM at redshifts z 20; however, their formation efficiency is not well understood. Using N -body simulations, we estimate the HMXB formation rate via mutual gravitational interactions of nascent, small groups of the Population III stars. We run two sets of calculations: (i) stars formed in small groups of five in nearly Keplerian initial orbits and (ii) collision of two such groups (an expected outcome of mergers of host protogalaxies). We find that HMXBs form at a rate of one per 10 4 M in newly born stars, and that they emit with a power of ~10 41 erg s –1 in the 2–10 keV band per star formation rate. This value is a factor of ~10 2 larger than what is observed in star-forming galaxies at lower redshifts; the X-ray production from early HMXBs would have been even more copious, if they also formed in situ or via migration in protostellar discs. Combining our results with earlier studies suggests that early HMXBs were highly effective at heating the IGM and leaving a strong 21-cm signature. We discuss broader implications of our results, such as the rate of long gamma-ray bursts from Population III stars and the direct collapse channel for massive black hole formation.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    How do cells optimize luminal environments of endosomes/lysosomes for efficient inflammatory responses? (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-03
    Description: The endosome/lysosome compartments play pivotal roles in immune cell functions as signalling platforms. These intracellular compartments can efficiently restrict the localization of signalling complexes and temporally regulate signalling events to produce qualitatively different outcomes. Immune cells also exploit the endosome/lysosome system for signal transduction and intercellular communication to elicit immune responses. Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages take up pathogens by endocytosis and prepare antigens via the endosome/lysosome system. At the same time, pathogen-derived DNA and RNA are recognized by immune sensors at the endosome/lysosome compartments, which transmit signals to induce immune responses. Recent studies revealed the importance of controlling the endosomal/lysosomal environment for eliciting efficient signalling events at the endosomes/lysosomes. Many factors including pH, membrane potential, amino acid concentrations and lipid composition are finely tuned at the endosome/lysosome compartments, and dysregulation of these factors greatly affect immune cell functions. Redox-related molecules and various types of transporters are involved in the control of endosomal/lysosomal environment and could be good therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune diseases.
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Biochemical Society (JBS).
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  • 6
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    Counter equatorial electrojet and overshielding after substorm onset: Global MHD simulation study (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: By performing a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, we have demonstrated for the first time that an electrojet at the dayside magnetic equator can be reversed and an overshielding condition can be established in the inner magnetosphere after substorm onset without northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. Near the substorm onset, the plasma pressure is highly enhanced in the inner magnetosphere on the nightside. The Region 2 field-aligned current diverges from the diamagnetic current on the surface of the dayside extension of the high-pressure region, which is connected to the ionosphere in the relatively low-conductivity region a few degrees equatorward of the main auroral oval that is formed as the projection of the plasma sheet. The separation of the equatorward boundary of the auroral region and the equatorward boundary of the Region 2 current results in dusk-dawn electric fields that generate a counter electrojet (CEJ) at the dayside magnetic equator. Poleward electric fields in a narrow latitudinal width, which may be regarded as sub-auroral ion drift (SAID) and sub-auroral polarization stream (SAPS), are simultaneously intensified. The dusk-dawn electric fields may propagate to the inner magnetosphere along a field line as shear Alfvén waves. Then, the inner magnetosphere is completely constrained by the overshielding condition. The intensity and polarity of the CEJ depend largely on at least the ionospheric conductivity that is related to the plasma pressure (probably associated with diffuse aurora). This may explain the observational fact that overshielding does not always occur after onset.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Hypoxia-induced interaction of filamin with Drp1 causes mitochondrial hyperfission-associated myocardial senescence (2018)
    The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Defective mitochondrial dynamics through aberrant interactions between mitochondria and actin cytoskeleton is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of cardiac fragility after myocardial infarction (MI). Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mitochondrial fission–accelerating factor, is activated locally at the fission site through interactions with actin. Here, we report that the actin-binding protein filamin A acted as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Drp1 and mediated mitochondrial fission–associated myocardial senescence in mice after MI. In peri-infarct regions characterized by mitochondrial hyperfission and associated with myocardial senescence, filamin A colocalized with Drp1 around mitochondria. Hypoxic stress induced the interaction of filamin A with the GTPase domain of Drp1 and increased Drp1 activity in an actin-binding–dependent manner in rat cardiomyocytes. Expression of the A1545T filamin mutant, which potentiates actin aggregation, promoted mitochondrial hyperfission under normoxia. Furthermore, pharmacological perturbation of the Drp1–filamin A interaction by cilnidipine suppressed mitochondrial hyperfission–associated myocardial senescence and heart failure after MI. Together, these data demonstrate that Drp1 association with filamin and the actin cytoskeleton contributes to cardiac fragility after MI and suggests a potential repurposing of cilnidipine, as well as provides a starting point for innovative Drp1 inhibitor development.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 1945-0877
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-9145
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Critical role of farnesoid X receptor for hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-06
    Description: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a pivotal factor maintaining bile acid homeostasis, has been recently shown to be a critical factor required for liver regeneration. The elucidation of the mechanism how FXR controls the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells is useful to establish the therapy for liver cancer. Here, we show that FXR plays a crucial role in the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2, Huh7 and HLE. The treatment of HepG2 with FXR siRNA elevates the level of p16/INK4a expression resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation. By contrast, FXR activation reduces p16/INK4a expression and stimulates the cell proliferation. The ectopic expression of the active form of Ras that causes strong activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) leads to the decrease in FXR expression, suggesting that FXR expression is negatively regulated via Ras/ERK pathway. The elevation of p16/INK4a expression and the inhibition of cell proliferation by FXR knockdown are also observed in Huh7 and HLE. In this study, we have suggested a novel mechanism by which hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation is regulated: FXR stimulates cell proliferation by suppressing the p16/INK4a expression, whereas Ras/ERK pathway down-regulates the FXR expression, leading to the suppressed cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Biochemical Society (JBS).
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  • 9
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    Biosynthesis, biotechnological production and applications of 5-aminolevulinic acid (2002)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Comparison of strength of 3D printing objects using short fiber and continuous long fiber (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-22
    Description: In this research, composite materials were used to improve the strength of FDM 3D printed objects. The nanocomposites made from polylactic acid as matrix and multi-wall carbon nanotube as filler, short carbon fiber reinforced composite and continuous carbon fiber reinforced composite were prepared, and tensile test was carried out. As a result, the continuous fiber reinforced material exhibited tensile strength of about 7 times and elastic modulus about 5 times that of the other two materials. The strength was greatly improved by using the continuous fiber. The fracture surface after the test was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The result of observation shows that adhesion between the laminated layers and the relationship between the fiber and the matrix are bad, and improving these are necessary to increase strength. Comparing those materials, it is possible to improve the strength in some degree by using short fiber while maintaining ease of printing. On the oth...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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