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  • 1
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    Targeting efforts to reduce Gulf of Mexico hypoxia [Environmental Sciences] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: A seasonally occurring summer hypoxic (low oxygen) zone in the northern Gulf of Mexico is the second largest in the world. Reductions in nutrients from agricultural cropland in its watershed are needed to reduce the hypoxic zone size to the national policy goal of 5,000 km2 (as a 5-y running...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Hominid fossils predating the emergence of Australopithecus have been sparse and fragmentary. The evolution of our lineage after the last common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees has therefore remained unclear. Ardipithecus ramidus, recovered in ecologically and temporally resolved contexts in Ethiopia's Afar Rift, now illuminates earlier hominid paleobiology and aspects of extant African ape evolution. More than 110 specimens recovered from 4.4-million-year-old sediments include a partial skeleton with much of the skull, hands, feet, limbs, and pelvis. This hominid combined arboreal palmigrade clambering and careful climbing with a form of terrestrial bipedality more primitive than that of Australopithecus. Ar. ramidus had a reduced canine/premolar complex and a little-derived cranial morphology and consumed a predominantly C3 plant-based diet (plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway). Its ecological habitat appears to have been largely woodland-focused. Ar. ramidus lacks any characters typical of suspension, vertical climbing, or knuckle-walking. Ar. ramidus indicates that despite the genetic similarities of living humans and chimpanzees, the ancestor we last shared probably differed substantially from any extant African ape. Hominids and extant African apes have each become highly specialized through very different evolutionary pathways. This evidence also illuminates the origins of orthogrady, bipedality, ecology, diet, and social behavior in earliest Hominidae and helps to define the basal hominid adaptation, thereby accentuating the derived nature of Australopithecus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Beyene, Yonas -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- Suwa, Gen -- WoldeGabriel, Giday -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):75-86.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. timwhite@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Paleodontology ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Social Behavior ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Macrovertebrate paleontology and the Pliocene habitat of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: A diverse assemblage of large mammals is spatially and stratigraphically associated with Ardipithecus ramidus at Aramis. The most common species are tragelaphine antelope and colobine monkeys. Analyses of their postcranial remains situate them in a closed habitat. Assessment of dental mesowear, microwear, and stable isotopes from these and a wider range of abundant associated larger mammals indicates that the local habitat at Aramis was predominantly woodland. The Ar. ramidus enamel isotope values indicate a minimal C4 vegetation component in its diet (plants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway), which is consistent with predominantly forest/woodland feeding. Although the Early Pliocene Afar included a range of environments, and the local environment at Aramis and its vicinity ranged from forests to wooded grasslands, the integration of available physical and biological evidence establishes Ar. ramidus as a denizen of the closed habitats along this continuum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, Tim D -- Ambrose, Stanley H -- Suwa, Gen -- Su, Denise F -- DeGusta, David -- Bernor, Raymond L -- Boisserie, Jean-Renaud -- Brunet, Michel -- Delson, Eric -- Frost, Stephen -- Garcia, Nuria -- Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X -- Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Howell, F Clark -- Lehmann, Thomas -- Likius, Andossa -- Pehlevan, Cesur -- Saegusa, Haruo -- Semprebon, Gina -- Teaford, Mark -- Vrba, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):87-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cercopithecidae/anatomy & histology ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/classification ; Mammals/anatomy & histology/classification ; Paleodontology ; Plants ; Population Density ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The femur and pelvis of Ardipithecus ramidus have characters indicative of both upright bipedal walking and movement in trees. Consequently, bipedality in Ar. ramidus was more primitive than in later Australopithecus. Compared with monkeys and Early Miocene apes such as Proconsul, the ilium in Ar. ramidus is mediolaterally expanded, and its sacroiliac joint is located more posteriorly. These changes are shared with some Middle and Late Miocene apes as well as with African apes and later hominids. However, in contrast to extant apes, bipedality in Ar. ramidus was facilitated by craniocaudal shortening of the ilium and enhanced lordotic recurvature of the lower spine. Given the predominant absence of derived traits in other skeletal regions of Ar. ramidus, including the forelimb, these adaptations were probably acquired shortly after divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees. They therefore bear little or no functional relationship to the highly derived suspension, vertical climbing, knuckle-walking, and facultative bipedality of extant African apes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- Suwa, Gen -- Spurlock, Linda -- Asfaw, Berhane -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):71e1-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. olovejoy@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Femur/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Ilium/anatomy & histology ; Ischium/anatomy & histology ; Locomotion ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Posture ; Pubic Bone/anatomy & histology ; Ribs/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Thorax/anatomy & histology ; *Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Unexamined bodies of evidence (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoeninger, Margaret J -- Bada, Jeffrey L -- Masters, Patricia M -- Bettinger, Robert L -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):916. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6032.916-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; *Bone and Bones/chemistry ; California ; Geography ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Indians, North American/genetics/history ; Radiometric Dating ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Questions About Orrorin Femur (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohman, James C -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- Eckhardt, Robert B -- Galik, Karol -- Kuperavage, Adam J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):845b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Questions about Orrorin femur (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohman, James C -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):845; author reply 845.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Femoral Neck Fractures/pathology ; Femur/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Femur Neck/anatomy & histology/radiography ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Late Miocene teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, and early hominid dental evolution (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-06
    Description: Late Miocene fossil hominid teeth recovered from Ethiopia's Middle Awash are assigned to Ardipithecus kadabba. Their primitive morphology and wear pattern demonstrate that A. kadabba is distinct from Ardipithecus ramidus. These fossils suggest that the last common ancestor of apes and humans had a functionally honing canine-third premolar complex. Comparison with teeth of Sahelanthropus and Orrorin, the two other named late Miocene hominid genera, implies that these putative taxa are very similar to A. kadabba. It is therefore premature to posit extensive late Miocene hominid diversity on the basis of currently available samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haile-Selassie, Yohannes -- Suwa, Gen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1503-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. yhailese@cmnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bicuspid/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Cuspid/*anatomy & histology ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Paleodontology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Hypaxial motor patterns and the function of epipubic bones in primitive mammals (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: Since the first description of epipubic bones in 1698, their functions and those of the associated abdominal muscles of monotremes and marsupial mammals have remained unresolved. We show that each epipubic bone is part of a kinetic linkage extending from the femur, by way of the pectineus muscle, to the epipubic bone, through the pyramidalis and rectus abdominis muscles on one side of the abdomen, and through the contralateral external and internal oblique muscles to the vertebrae and ribs of the opposite side. This muscle series is activated synchronously as the femur and contralateral forelimb are retracted during the stance phase in locomotion. The epipubic bone acts as a lever that is retracted (depressed) to stiffen the trunk between the diagonal limbs that support the body during each step. This cross-couplet kinetic linkage and the stiffening function of the epipubic bone appear to be the primitive conditions for mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reilly, Stephen M -- White, Thomas D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):400-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA. reilly@ohiou.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abdominal Muscles/*physiology ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Electromyography ; Femur/*physiology ; Gait ; Hindlimb/physiology ; *Locomotion ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology ; Opossums/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Rectus Abdominis/physiology ; Thigh
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    African Homo erectus: old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: Fossils and artifacts recovered from the middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar depression sample the Middle Pleistocene transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. Ar/Ar ages, biostratigraphy, and tephrachronology from this area indicate that the Pleistocene Bodo hominid cranium and newer specimens are approximately 0.6 million years old. Only Oldowan chopper and flake assemblages are present in the lower stratigraphic units, but Acheulean bifacial artifacts are consistently prevalent and widespread in directly overlying deposits. This technological transition is related to a shift in sedimentary regime, supporting the hypothesis that Middle Pleistocene Oldowan assemblages represent a behavioral facies of the Acheulean industrial complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, J D -- de Heinzelin, J -- Schick, K D -- Hart, W K -- White, T D -- WoldeGabriel, G -- Walter, R C -- Suwa, G -- Asfaw, B -- Vrba, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1907-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009220" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geology/history ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Skull/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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