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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial analysis of forage parameters using geographic information system and image-analysis techniques (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 46 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In efficient agricultural systems high production and high quality is expected throughout the year, but spatial and seasonal variation of biophysical variables can have a significant impact on the yield and quality of production. The yield and quality component of a forage field was monitored using statistical and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. The display of yield and forage quality in a spatial context proved to be very useful to the farmer since it allowed him to determine where in the field he obtained the best and worst production and whether such performance was consistent over the entire growing season. GIS is considered a new management tool that allows the spatial evaluation and presentation of production information in a new and innovative manner. Examples are provided to assist farmers in production accounting, to determine cause and effect relationships between management and production, to forecast production and to modify management to account for differences within the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02221.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elucidation of the mechanism of reductive dehalogenation of o-haloanisole under aryne-forming conditions (1972)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 37 (1972), S. 3529-3530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00795a030
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epitaxial PbZr.52Ti.48O3 films on SrTiO3/(001)Si substrates deposited by sol–gel method (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 1062-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the sol–gel deposition and characterization of high-quality, epitaxial films of PbZr.52Ti.48O3 (PZT) on (001)Si substrates, with a thickness range of 400 Å to 1 μm. The epitaxial growth of PZT on (001)Si is achieved using a thin template layer of SrTiO3, grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The sol–gel PZT films have a typical surface roughness of 5 Å and exhibit well defined reflective high-energy electron diffraction patterns characteristic of smooth, epitaxial films. Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and double-crystal x-ray diffraction, we find that the PZT films are oriented with the c axis normal to the (001)Si plane and with the a axis lying along 〈110〉Si direction. Finally, we measure the electromechanical coupling coefficients and the surface acoustic wave velocities for our films as a function of thickness and compare our experimental data to previously published theoretical values for this system. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1498006
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological Control with Trichogramma: Advances, Successes, and Potential of Their Use (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 41 (1996), S. 375-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of plant structural complexity on the foraging success of Trichogramma minutum: a comparison of search on artificial and foliage models (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: foliage complexity ; female age ; parasitoid behaviour ; host searching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of structural complexity on the foraging success for host eggs (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) by Trichogramma minutum Riley was investigated in the laboratory. Naive females were released into arenas with structurally different paper models or foliage (simple: trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michx., complex: balsam fir Abies balsamea L.). Observations of individual females were made every 15 min and searching success was measured by the number of host egg clusters found and the amount of time taken to find them, within a period of 196 min. Females found significantly more egg clusters and were quicker at finding them on the sample paper and foliage surfaces than on the most complex paper or foliage surfaces. Older females (2–3 days) were more successful and searched quicker than younger (〈24 h) females on all paper surfaces. The timed observations suggested that wasps which spent more time walking had a significantly decreased probability of finding an egg mass and were significantly slower at finding them. Females that spent more time on paper surfaces had an increased probability of finding an egg mass. The significance of searching differences is discussed in relation to the potential effects of plant surfaces on Trichogramma movements and to the physiological readiness of the wasp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003001822936
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of host diet on acceptance of eastern spruce budworm eggs by Trichogramma minutum (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: egg parasitoid ; host acceptance ; preference ; Trichogramma minutum/ ; Choristoneura fumiferana/ ; Abies balsamea/ ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acceptance behaviour of the parasitic wasp, Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), was studied on two types of egg masses of eastern spruce budworm (SBW), Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. Host eggs were obtained from moths that had been fed balsam fir or artificial diet during their larval stages. Parasitoids were reared from both types of hosts. Host acceptance assays were conducted where females were provided with a single egg mass and with a choice between egg masses. Regardless of the parasitoid's rearing host, females parasitised hosts reared from artificial diet more often than those from balsam fir. Response was consistent in both no-choice and choice assays. Rejection of hosts tended to occur during the examining stage of behaviour, suggesting that acceptability is judged externally. If a host was accepted, the same number of eggs were laid per egg mass regardless of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003044813827
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment ofTrichogramma species for biological control of forest lepidopteran defoliators (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; Trichogramma brassicae ; Trichogramma nr.sibiricum ; egg parasitoid ; host range ; biological control ; forest pests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory study, we determined the potential of threeTrichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species,T. brassicae Bezdenko,T. minutum Riley andT. nr.sibiricum Sorokina, for biological control against six species of forest lepidopteran pests, black army cutworm, hemlock looper, eastern spruce budworm, western spruce budworm, white-marked tussock moth, and gypsy moth. Females of each parasitoid species were offered eggs from each of the six host species. Parasitization and the effect of the host species on the emerging progeny were examined and recorded.Trichogramma minutum had the broadest host range and successfully parasitized four host species out of the six offered.Trichogramma nr.sibiricum had the narrowest host range and parasitized only two species of hosts. Of the six host species, black army cutworm was the most preferred by all threeTrichogramma species; white-marked tussock moth and gypsy moth were not parasitized by any parasitoids. There was a positive correlation between the size of female offspring and their corresponding egg complement in all three parasitoid species. The developmental time of parasitoids from egg to adult was influenced by both the parasitoid and host species. Our results suggest thatT. minutum has the greatest potential for biological control against various forest lepidopteran pests and that the black army cutworm may be the best target candidate for further study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382172
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of environmental conditions and parasitoid quality on field performance of Trichogramma minutum (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 461-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Ephestia kuehniella ; biological control ; inundative release ; weather ; host acceptance ; realized fecundity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of weather conditions and two parasitoid quality attributes, realized fecundity and host acceptance, were assessed on the field efficacy of mass-released Trichogramma minutum. Temperature was the most important single variable, explaining up to 75% of the variation in field parasitism. There were significant positive relationships between both the sum of the maximum temperatures and the number of degree-hours above a 15 °C threshold, accumulated in the three days following the release, and parasitism in the field. There was a significant negative relationship between the mean relative humidity and the odds of parasitism in the field. Quality parameters based on parasitoid biology were not effective for predicting field efficacy if poor weather conditions persisted after a release. If weather conditions were ‘good’ (i.e. accumulated maximum temperatures above 62 °C, in the 3 days following the release), then parameters such as release rate and fecundity in the lab were useful predictors of field performance. There was no relationship between host acceptance measured in the lab and field parasitism. Given the importance of field temperatures for field performance, selection for cold tolerance of T. minutum would be desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343469
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flight initiation in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum: Effects of ambient temperature, mates, food, and host eggs (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Flight ; emergence ; egg parasitoid ; Trichogramma minutum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Emergence, preening, and flight initiation were studied in laboratory-reared Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Male parasitoids emerged first and flew before females. When both sexes were present in flight cylinders, female parasitoids flew before males. Flight propensity in males was negatively related to the number of emerging females, while flight propensity in females was independent of the number of males present. Ambient temperature significantly affected the propensity and timing of flight; between 70–80% of the parasitoids flew at 25 and 30 °C while less than 4%, mostly males, flew at 20 °C. No flights were observed at 15 °C. The presence of fresh host eggs caused a reduction in the proportion of female parasitoids that flew and a delay in the time to flight for the females that did fly. The presence of food increased the flight propensity of female parasitoids, but did not affect the timing of flight. The relationship between flight behaviour and the ‘efficiency’ of mass-reared Trichogramma is discussed in terms of its importance for inundative release programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345486
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isoenzyme patterns and biology ofTrichogramma minutum as influenced by rearing temperature and host (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 249-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Isoenzymes ; biological changes ; Trichogramma minutum ; egg parasitoid ; rearing conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Weibchen vonTrichogramma minutum, welche bei 17°C gezüchtet wurden, hatten eine geringere Schlüpfrate, eine geringere Fruchtbarkeit am ersten Tag nach dem Schlüpfen sowie ein reduziertes Populationswachstum (ri) im Vergleich zu Tieren welche sich bei Temperaturen über 17°C entwickelt hatten. Wurden die Parasitoiden aufChoristoneura fumiferana gezogen, so war ihre Fruchtbarkeitsrate wie auch Lebensdauer grösser als wennEphestia kuehniella als Wirt diente. Die parasitische Fähigkeit vonT. minutum war immer auf derjenigen Wirtsart am grössten auf der die Schlupfwespen vorher gezogen wurden. Aufzuchttemperaturen von 13°C oder 27°C hatten keinen Einfluss auf den Isoenzymbändern wenn die Tiere statt aufC. fumiferana aufSitotroga cerealella gezogen wurden. Es konnte aber kein Zusammenhang zwischen den biologischen und biochemischen Veränderungen gefunden werden. Hingegen besteht die Möglichkeit während der Massenproduktion die Qualität der Parasitoiden anhand von Isoenzymprofilen zu überwachen.
    Notes: Abstract Females ofTrichogramma minutum Riley reared at temperatures below 17°C had lower percent emergence, lower fecundity on the first day of emergence, and a reduced rate of population increase (ri) than those reared at temperatures above 17°C. Parasitoids were more fecund and lived longer when raised onChoristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) compared toEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). The parasitoids performed better when parasitizing the same species of host on which they had been reared. Isoenzyme patterns were not affected whenT. minutum was reared at 13 or 27°C but additional bands appeared when parasitoids were reared onSitotroga cerealella (Olivier) compared toC. fumiferana. No correlation could be made between biological and biochemical changes inT. minutum. Isoenzymes have the potential to assess the quality of parasitoids during mass production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00629312
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