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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    International tour of permafrost affected soils : the Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada (1993)
    Ottawa : Centre for Land and Biological Research
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI G3-17-90374
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 197 S , zahl. Ill.
    URL: http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/yt/ytps/ytps_report.pdf
    Language: English
    Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: List of figures. - List of plates. - List of tables. - Acknowledgements. - Preface. - Itinerary for Canadian portion of tour. - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. - Physiography and geology. - Quaternary geology. - Northern Yukon Territory and Mackenzie Delta. - Cordilleran Ice Sheet. - Montane glaciers of the southern Ogilvie Ranges. - Correlation and chronology. - Laurentide Glaciation. - Climate. - The Mackenzie Basin. - Northern Yukon. - Soils. - Distribution in the permafrost regions of Canada. - Distribution in Northwestern Canada. - Spil properties. - Patterned Ground Morphology. - Soil Texture and Rate of Decomposition. - Moisture and Ice Ccontent. - Soil Temperatures. - Micromorphology. - Cryoturbation. - Permafrost. - Distribution. - Thickness. - Active layer. - Ground ice. - Permafrost and climate change. - Vegetation. - Agriculture. - Overview. - Yukon. - Northwest Territories. - Forest resources. - Mining and exploration. - Overview. - Yukon. - Northwest Territories. - DESCRIPTION OF SOIL STOPS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. - Site 1, KM 4: Permafrost soil developed on organic terrain. - Organic soils in the Mackenzie Valley. - Mesic organic cryosol (Polygonal peat plateau). - Micromorphology. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Snow Depth, Active Layer Depth and Subsidence. - Site 2, KM 36: Permafrost soil developed on earth hummocks. - Orthic turbic cryosol, Peaty phase. - Micromorphology. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Snow Depth, Active Layer Thickness and Subsidence. - Site 3: Soil and permafrost development on recent alluvium. - Ecology of the Mackenzie Delta. - Mackenzie Delta ecosystems, Bonbardier Channel. - Site 4: Mackenzie River. - Site 5, KM 30: Richardson Mountains and glacial limit. - Site 6, KM 14: AUFEIS, or icing on James Creek. - Site 7, KM 5: Solifluction Site. - Site 8, KM 0: Continental divide, NWT/Yukon border. - Site 9, KM 425: Pediments and foothills, Richardson Transect. - Micromorphology. - Site 10, KM 403: Arctic circle. - Site 11, KM 400.5: Nonsorted circles (mudboils). - Origin of mudboils. - Orthic turbic cryosol associated with strongly cryoturbated materials. - Micromorphology. - Site 12, KM 366: Eagle plain monitoring site, Dempster Highway. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Micromorphology. - Site 13, KM 322: Forest fire site. - Site 14, KM 259: Peel River and Ogilvie Mountains Overview. - Site 15, KM 174: Sulphur Springs. - Site 16, KM 160-180: Tors on limestone ridges. - Site 17, KM 155: Calcareous soil on mid-pleistocene drift. - Brunisolic turbic cryosol. - Micromorphology. - Site 18, KM 115.5: Open-system Pingo. - Site 19, KM 96.5: Ice-wedge Polygons. - Site 20, KM 80: Frost mounds. - Site 21, KM 80: McConnell glacial limit. - Site 22, KM 77: Nonsorted circle site. - Micromorphology. - Site 23, KM 74: Tombstone Mountain Lookout. - Site 24: Midnight Dome Lookout. - Site 25: Agriculture on permafrost-affected soil. - Site 25a: The cleared soil. - Micromorphology. - Site 25b: The forested soil. - Micromorphology. - The impact of disturbance on soil physical properties. - Site 26: Placer gold mining in the Klondike District. - Site 27: Paleosols as indicators of past climate. - Wounded moose paleosol developed on Pre-Reid gravel. - Micromorphology. - Site 28: The effect of aspect on soil development. - Site 28a: Orthic dystric Brunisol (Southeast Aspect). - Micromorphology. - Site 28b: Regosolic Turbic cryosol (Northwest Aspect). - Site 29, KM 4: Sunnydale View. - Site 30, KM 53: Unglaciated Terrain - Tors and cryoplanation terraces. - Site 31, KM 102: Solifluction lobes and soil stripes. - Site 32, KM 107: Soils associated with sorted nets. - Orthic turbic cryosol. - References. - Appendices. - Appendix 1: The Canadian sysetm of soil classification. - Appendix 2: Methods. - Appendix 3: Glossary of micromorphological terms. - Appendix 4: Scientific and common names of plant species.
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  • 2
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    Secondary mineral formation in the White River tephra in grassland and forest soils in central Yukon Territory (2005)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-01
    Description: Selected surface horizons of grassland and forest soils formed under a cold, semi-arid climate were investigated to evaluate the formation of secondary minerals within the White River tephra, a Late Holocene rhyolitic tephra (~115014C yr BP) veneer that overlies the soil landscapes of central Yukon. Concentrations of extractable Fe (〈 0.48%), Al (〈 0.26%) and Si (〈 0.082%) concentrations in surface tephra-contaning horizons of grassland and forest pedons are low. The high amount of exchangeable calcium in grassland soils is likely due to cycling by vegetation and perhaps, aeolian inputs of Ca and Mg carbonates. Al is incorporated into Al-humus complexes in forest pedons and allophane in grassland pedons. Allophane content is low (〈 0.56%) in all soils as is ferrihydrite (〈 0.34%). Mineral composition of the sand fraction from tephra horizons is dominated by volcanic glass, plagioclase feldspars, amphiboles, epidote, pyroxenes and very limited quantities of quartz and primary Fe oxides. Chlorite and an expanding phyllosilicate were also detected and are assumed to be of detrital origin. Clay mineralogy is dominated by volcanic glass, quartz, feldspars and minimal quantities of kaolinite and dehydrated halloysite in surficial horizons. Kaolinite is assumed to be of detrital origin while dehydrated halloysite is a product of a low leaching and dry environment where limited resilication occurs. Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) investigation indicates the presence of opaline silica in surface horizons from forest pedons which has likely formed due to freezing of the soil solution in combination with dehydration and resilication. Overall, the soil horizons formed within the veneer of White River tephra have experienced minimal weathering and very little silicate clay mineral development. Key words: Tephra, glass, Yukon, minerals (secondary), weathering
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 3
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    Development of soil structure in some turbic cryosols in the Canadian low Arctic (1991)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between periglacial processes and the development of soil structure in some Turbic Cryosols. Three active nonsorted pattern ground features (mud hummocks) were examined for field macrostructure and micromorphological characteristics. The surface of unvegetated mud hummocks exhibited granic fabric expressed as strong granular structure. Cryoturbic movement caused surface materials to be cycled downward toward the permafrost table and upward into the hummock core. Resultant compression caused coalescence of discrete structural units resulting in matrigranodic fabric and subangular blocky structure. Porphyroskelic fabric associated with massive and occasionally prismatic structure was observed in the core of the hummocks although some remnant granularity was evident in thin section. Cycled fragments of surface vegetation 10–1000 μm in length were observed dispersed through all soil horizons. All horizons within the active layer contained more than 2% organic carbon. Key words: Turbic Cryosol, micromorphology, soil structure, cryoturbation
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    Weathering characteristics of some soils formed in White River Tephra, Yukon Territory, Canada (1999)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-01
    Description: Soil formation under a cold, dry climate on two Late Holocene (approximately 1800 yr BP and 1150 yr BP) volcanic tephra deposits was examined to evaluate trends and rates of soil weathering. Presently under mature boreal forest, these soils are underlain by permafrost within 1 m of the soil surface. The soils are composed of buried forest floor materials and layers of coarse ashy-pumiceous rhyodacite tephra up to 60 cm thick. The bulk density in all tephra-derived horizons is less than 0.90 Mg m−3, water retention values for these horizons at 1500 kPa suction are less than 10% by weight. The mineralogy of the tephra-derived horizons is dominated by volcanic glass with lesser amounts of plagioclase, microcline and amphibole. Micromorphological investigation showed minor pitting of glass and feldspar grains and some oxyhydroxide coatings and Fe and Al-humus complexes. Several soil horizons meet glass composition, P retention and oxalate-extractable Fe and Al criteria established for andic soil material. However none of the profiles meet the thickness requirement to be classified as Andisol as specified in Soil Taxonomy. It is estimated that it would take 〉4000 yr under present climatic conditions to achieve such a degree of weathering. Key words: Tephra, Cryosol, andic, Yukon, Gelisol, glass
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    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    Landform Selection and Soil Modifications Associated with Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) Den Sites in Yukon Territory, Canada (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 1992-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-0851
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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  • 6
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    PODZOLIC SOILS WITH LUVISOLIC-LIKE MORPHOLOGIES IN THE UPPER SUBALPINE SUBZONE OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES 2. GENESIS (1981)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-05-01
    Description: Clay mineralogy and soil fabric were used to determine processes responsible for development of Luvisolic-like characteristics in some soils of the upper subalpine subzone in the central Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Evaluation by particle size distribution through the profile was complicated by the presence of a silty surficial deposit overlying a texturally heterogenous calcareous till of the study area. Direct observation, in thin section, of apparent illuvial clay revealed its abundance to be relatively low and its distribution to be unlike that found within illuvial horizons of Gray Luvisols elsewhere in Canada. Both pedogenesis and nature of parent material influenced the mineralogy of the clay-sized fraction. Comparison of the clay suites of the argillic-like horizons with those of the significantly different overlying material provided further evidence that contemporary lessivage was largely inconsequential. A combination of processes is hypothesized to have contributed to the anomalous morphologies of these soils. These include the dissolution and removal of primary carbonate from the solum, geomorphic influences and the in situ reorganization of plasmic material within the till.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
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    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    ON THE ORIGIN OF FE IN SOME PODZOLIC SOILS FORMED ON CALCAREOUS PARENT MATERIALS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS (1983)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-11-01
    Description: The formation of Podzols in the Rocky Mountain Region of Alberta has been related to the presence of an easily weatherable volcanic ash component within the upper solum of these soils. A silty surficial deposit, comprising a mixture of volcanic ash and locally derived aeolian detritus, is the parent material for the upper solum of pedons occurring in stable landscape positions. Source areas for this locally derived aeolian detritus comprise highly calcareous materials. Weathering of the carbonate component of the locally derived aeolian material releases considerable amounts of iron and aluminum, sufficient to produce a Bf horizon given an appropriate environment. The presence of a Bf horizon in this region is insufficient evidence to implicate volcanic ash as a parent material component in the genesis of the pedon. Key words: Genesis, Rocky Mountain region, weathering of CaCO3, volcanic ash, local aeolian materials, Podzolic soils
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    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    Clay mineralogy and chemical properties of argillic horizons in central Yukon paleosols (2011)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-01
    Description: Daviel, E., Sanborn, P., Tarnocai, C. and Smith, C. A. S. 2011. Clay mineralogy and chemical properties of argillic horizons in central Yukon paleosols. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 83–93. Wounded Moose paleosols occur on Middle Pleistocene and older glacial deposits in central Yukon, and exhibit thick sola with distinctive reddish brown argillic (Bt) horizons. Extensive field investigations in the mid-1980s documented the distribution, morphology, and standard physical and chemical properties of these paleosols, but paleoenvironmental interpretations of their clay mineralogy relied on analyses of only two pedons. New analyses of archived B horizon samples from 15 paleosol pedons demonstrate that these exhibit the highest degree of mineral weathering documented in Yukon soils and surficial materials, as expressed by Chemical Index of Alteration values that can exceed 80. This strong weathering is accompanied by ~90% conversion of pedogenic iron oxides to crystalline forms. Clay mineral assemblages in this larger set of argillic horizons confirm a consistent and widespread presence of pedogenic smectite and interstratified minerals in central Yukon paleosols as initially detected in the limited earlier work.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    Brunisolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification (2011)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: Smith, C. A. S., Webb, K. T., Kenney, E., Anderson, A. and Kroetsch, D. 2011. Brunisolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 695–717. Brunisols are considered as moderately developed soils formed under forest cover. They have a wide range of physical and chemical properties and no single dominant pedogenic process drives the development of these soils. Brunisols are some of the more common soils in Canada, occupying over 1.2 million km2 of land, roughly equivalent to the area of Podzolic soils, and about half the area of the most common soil order in Canada, the Cryosols. Brunisols occur mainly within the boreal forest regions, but extend across the country with the exception of the Arctic and prairie regions. Within the zone of discontinuous permafrost they co-exist on landscapes with Cryosols. In humid regions of both eastern and western Canada they form a continuum of soil development with Podzolic soils. Within subhumid to semi-arid regions they often co-exist with Luvisolic soils, occurring on parent materials too coarse to enable Luvisolic soil formation. Brunisols equate closely to the Cambisol reference group in the World Reference Base taxonomic system and to several suborders of the Inceptisol order in Soil Taxonomy. Both Melanic and Sombric Brunisols are important agricultural soils in British Columbia, Ontario and the Maritime provinces. Eutric and Dystric Brunisols support commercial forest stands throughout the boreal forest and western cordillera of Canada.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    Potential impacts of climate change on water availability for crops in the Okanagan Basin, British Columbia (2006)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2006-11-01
    Description: Crop water demand in the Okanagan Basin was determined for 1961 to 1990, 2010 to 2039, 2040 to 2069, and 2070 to 2099. Daily station temperature data were spatially interpolated to a 1 × 1 km grid and adjusted for elevation. Daily precipitation data were estimated across four climatic regions. Output from three global climate models (GCM), CGCM2, CSIROMk2 and HadCM3 was used to create future daily climate. Daily potential evapo-transpiration (grass reference) was estimated from an empirical relationship between Bellani- plate atmometer readings, temperature and extra-terrestrial solar radiation, and then modified by crop coefficients for all crops except pasture. Depending on GCM, projected water demand increased by 12–20% (2010 to 2039), 24–38% (2040 to 2069) and 40–61% (2070 to 2099). Possible elevated CO2 effects on stomatal conductance, which may reduce water demand, were not accounted for. Comparisons with modeled Okanagan Lake inflows indicated that, on average, high water demand and low supply scenarios coincided. In one sub-basin, supply and demand thresholds were exceeded 1 yr in 6 (HadCM3) in the 2050s and at least 1 yr in 4 for all GCMs by the 2080s, and existing water supply infrastructure may be inadequate. Crop growing seasons were defined empirically from growing degree days or threshold temperatures. The growing season lengthened up to 30–35% leading to higher demand in fall and shortages due to low stream flows. Key words: Evapotranspiration, growing degree days, growing season, GIS, PRISM
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    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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