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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mobility of sodium in SrS based thin film electroluminescent structures grown by atomic layer epitaxy (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 1153-1158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mobility of sodium in SrS-based electroluminescent thin film stacks grown by atomic layer epitaxy was studied in the temperature range 600–850 °C using ion implantation for doping and nuclear resonance broadening for profiling of sodium. The crystallinity and orientation of SrS and SrS:Ce films were studied using wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). It was found that sodium diffuses rapidly to the interfaces between SrS and upper and lower Al2O3 insulators. These insulators act effectively as diffusion barriers for sodium up to a temperature of about 700 °C. In the case of SrS:Ce films, even after annealing at high temperatures for long times, the Na concentration in the bulk of the film remained in the range 0.4–0.6 at. % which is about two to three times the concentration of Ce. WAXS measurements revealed the preferred [111] orientation of SrS and SrS:Ce films with an average size of crystallites ≥120 nm. It turned out that annealing for a few hours at about 700–750 °C was needed to recover the implantation damage and restore the crystallinity of SrS to its original level. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371992
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A texture correction for quantitative X-ray powder diffraction analysis of cellulose (1988)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 21 (1988), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A practical method to correct X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the effects of preferred orientation in the case of monoclinic crystals is presented. The method is based on the use of symmetrized harmonics to describe the preferred orientation. To obtain a texture-free result the diffraction pattern must be measured both in symmetrical transmission and in symmetrical reflection modes using a spinning sample. The method is tested by measuring pole figures for a cellulose powder sample. The analysis of the results shows that by averaging the measured intensities properly the effect of texture can be diminished by one order of magnitude. This accuracy is sufficient for applying the method, for example, in quantitative determination of crystallinity of cellulose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889888003371
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SAXS studies on Kynar-based membranes for fuel cells (2000)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 33 (2000), S. 723-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the styrene grafted and sulfonated poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) was studied by small angle x-ray scattering, SAXS. The starting material is lamellar and the grafting and sulfonation processes and the hexafluoropropylene, HFP, contents affected the lamellar period. The SAXS intensity curve of the sulfonated membranes also included an ionic peak which arises from the ionic aggregates. The effects of the humidy and metal ion neutralization on the ionic aggregates were studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889899015009
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregation of platinum-uridine blue as a function of concentration in aqueous solution by small angle X-ray scattering
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Inorganica Chimica Acta 216 (1994), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Keywords: Platinum blue complexes ; Uridine complexes ; X-ray scattering
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020-1693(93)03710-R
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple scattering of X-rays in the case of isotropic samples (1990)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The contribution of multiple scattering in wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments on isotropic samples using Mo Kα and Cu Kα radiation is estimated. The portion of doubly and triply scattered intensity was calculated with a tedious Monte Carlo simulation method and the portion of doubly scattered intensity was calculated with a fast approximate numerical integration procedure. In the case of light elements the correction was found to be important. The approximate method proved to be reliable for thin samples in cases where the cross section for inelastic scattering is small. The effect of the molecular structure of the material on the multiply scattered intensity was demonstrated in the case of liquid sulfur and found to be meaningful at small scattering angles. The correction method was applied to the radial atomic density function (RDF) analysis of water and sulfur. The correction improved the behaviour of the reduced interference function but its effect on the RDF was small in both cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889889009283
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Improved Regularization Technique for Analysis of Anomalous X-ray Scattering Data; Platinum Uridine Blue Sulfate as an Example (1996)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 29 (1996), S. 390-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new iterative way to apply the Tikhonov regularization method for solving partial structure factors from anomalous X-ray scattering data is presented. It is used to obtain the regularized Pt–Pt partial structure factor in a complex amorphous material, platinum uridine blue, containing many atomic species, utilizing experimental anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering data. Since only platinum has a suitable absorption edge for the measurement, the problem is very much ill-posed, and without regularization only unreliable solutions are obtained. The average Pt–Pt distances, determined from the Pt–Pt partial distribution function, are 3.0 and 5.7 Å and the coordination number at 3.0 Å is about 1. Accordingly, the dominating Pt-structures of Pt-uridine blue are dinuclear. The success of this method indicates that we may use anomalous scattering to obtain important, detailed information about the structure of very complex amorphous materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895016979
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Liquid Structures of the Primary Alcohols Methanol, Ethanol, 1-Propanol, 1-Butanol and 1-Octanol by X-ray Scattering (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Four first primary alcohols and 1-octanol were studied with the wide-angle X-ray scattering method using both transmission and reflection techniques at room temperature (293 K). The subsequent radial distribution analysis gives C–O and C–C distances that are in good agreement with the known bond lengths of single alcohol molecules. The shortest averaged C–H and O–H distances are much smaller than those from the gas-phase data. It is deduced that the shortened distance is caused by the deformed electron distribution between H and C atoms. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups occurs at a distance of 2.8 Å, and is a common feature for all the samples. The corresponding coordination number of 1.7 indicates linear chains of about ten molecules. The absence of sharp features in the intensity curves suggests that the arrangement of chains is irregular and that the length of the chains varies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889894010149
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the structure of wood cells by x-ray diffraction (1984)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 18 (1984), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary An x-ray diffraction method was used to determine the values of the mean microfibrillar helical angles and to estimate quantitatively the amount of crystalline cellulose in the various cell wall layers of wood fibers. To interprete the intensity variation along the diffraction arcs a new curve fitting method based on Gaussian pairs was developed. As an application results are given for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350466
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallinity of cellulose, as determined by CP/MAS NMR and XRD methods (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The crystallinity of six cellulose samples with different origin and treatment was determined using x-ray diffraction (XDR) and nuclear magnetic resonance with cross polarization and magic angle sample spinning (CP/MAS NMR) methods. The numerical results for crystallinity obtained by using curve fitting methods in both cases correlated very well. It was concluded that the values for the crystallinity can be determined from NMR spectra when CP times not exceeding 0.5 ms are used. The range of order of the samples was further characterized calculating the radial atomic density function from the x-ray diffraction patterns and determining the greatest distances with significant deviations from the average density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285355
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of amorphous celluloseBased on a lecture given by T. Paakkari on the “7. Internationales Arbeitsseminar: Struktur und Reaktivität der Cellulose”, Reinhardsbrunn, GDR. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 40 (1989), S. 731-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Struktur von in gleicher Weise gemahlenen Cellulose-I- und Cellulose-II-Proben wurde mittels Röntgen-Weitwinkelstreuung und daraus berechneter radialer Atomdichte-Verteilungsfunktionen (RDF) untersucht. Die experimentell erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden mit Modellrechnungen verglichen, wobei in den Strukturmodellen insbesondere die Packung benachbarter Kettensegmente variiert wurde. Es wurde gefunden, daß die lokale Kettenpackung der gemahlenen Celluloseproben gleich ist und der von kristalliner Cellulose II entspricht.
    Notes: The structure of well ground cellulose I and cellulose II samples was studied by measuring the X-ray scattering intensities and calculating the corresponding radial atomic density functions (RDFs). Experimentally obtained results have been compared with model calculations mainly varying the packing of nearest neighbour chain segments. It was found that the local packing of chain segments is the same for both cases of milled samples and resembles that of crystalline cellulose II.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1989.010401205
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