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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 93 (1971), S. 4337-4338 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 6695-6702 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Switchable polarization can be suppressed in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films by optical, thermal, electrical, and reducing processes. The optical suppression effect occurs by biasing the ferroelectric near the switching threshold and illuminating the material with band gap light; the thermal suppression effect occurs by biasing the ferroelectric near the switching threshold and heating the material to ≈100 °C. The electrically induced suppression effect, known as electrical fatigue, occurs by subjecting the ferroelectric capacitor to repeated polarization reversals. We find that the suppressed polarization in these three cases can be restored to essentially its initial polarization value by creating electronic charge carriers in the ferroelectric. This strongly suggests that all three forms of degradation largely involve locking domains by electronic charge trapping at domain boundaries. The fourth form of polarization suppression, a reducing treatment, was obtained by annealing the crystallized PZT films at 400 °C in nitrogen. The suppressed polarization could not be restored by injecting electronic charge into the reduced films, indicating that the mechanism for polarization suppression is different. In this case, it appears as though ionic defects, such as oxygen vacancies, are responsible for locking the domains, and hence, suppressing the polarization. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 4305-4315 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films and bulk ceramics are shown to exhibit two distinct, but related types of photoinduced changes in their hysteresis behavior: (1) a photoinduced suppression of the switchable polarization and (2) a photoinduced voltage shift. Both effects give rise to stable and reproducible hysteresis changes and, thus, either could be the basis of an optical memory. Both phenomena can be explained by trapping of photogenerated charge at domain boundaries to minimize internal depolarizing fields. The space-charge field that causes the voltage-shift effect is primarily due to the migration and subsequent trapping of electrons. However, the thickness dependence of the voltage shift implies that the trapped charge is not confined to the interface. The voltage-shift kinetics exhibit a stretched-exponential dependence, whereas the polarization-suppression effect follows an exponential time dependence. However, both effects exhibit similar relaxation times. In addition, the relaxation time for the voltage-shift effect decreases with increasing light intensity according to a power-law relationship, τ∝I−n, where 0.67〈n〈0.75.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 7 (1968), S. 1230-1232 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Chemistry of materials 5 (1993), S. 511-517 
    ISSN: 1520-5002
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 82 (1985), S. 618-631 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical absorption and emission measurements are reported for the Cs2NaSmCl6 and Cs2NaYCl6:Sm3+ (1 or 30 mol %) systems under variable-temperature (10–298 K) conditions. Twenty-six crystal-field levels spanning 13 multiplets of the Sm3+ 4f 5 electronic configuration are located and assigned on the basis of the experimental data, and these energy level results are rationalized in terms of a nine-parameter 4f-electron Hamiltonian. The most intense electric-dipole vibronic lines observed in the spectra are assigned to one-phonon vibronic transitions associated with the three odd-parity "moiety'' modes of the SmCl3−6 octahedral clusters ν3(t1u), ν4(t1u), and ν6(t2u). Intensity calculations are reported for both the no-phonon magnetic-dipole (origin) transitions and the one-phonon (ν3, ν4, and ν6) electric-dipole vibronic transitions.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 82 (1985), S. 601-617 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical absorption and emission measurements are reported for the Cs2NaYCl6:Nd3+ (∼5 mol %) system under variable-temperature (4.2–296 K) conditions. The absorption measurements span the 12 000–24 000 cm−1 spectral region, and emission spectra are presented throughout the 13 300–18 860 cm−1 region. All the spectra are consistent with the retention of octahedral (Oh) site symmetry for the Nd3+ ions down to 4.2 K. Thirty-four crystal-field levels spanning 14 multiplets of the Nd3+ 4f3 electronic configuration are located and assigned on the basis of the experimental data. The most intense lines observed in each of the multiplet-to-multiplet transition regions are assigned to one-phonon (electric-dipole) vibronic transitions associated with the three odd-parity moiety modes of the NdCl3−6 cluster, ν3(tlu), ν4(tlu), and ν6(t2u). The ν3 lines generally appear as doublets (split by ∼10–15 cm−1) and are displaced from magnetic-dipole origins by ∼245–260 cm−1; the ν4 lines are displaced from origins by ∼100 cm−1, and are generally sharp and symmetric; and the ν6 lines are generally asymmetric in shape (or appear as doublets split by ∼2–6 cm−1), and are displaced from origins by 70–75 cm−1. Additional vibronic lines are observed persistently at displacement energies of ∼40–45 and ∼55–60 cm−1, but these lines are considerably less intense than those assigned to the ν3, ν4, and ν6 moiety-mode vibrations. The energy level data obtained from experiment is rationalized in terms of a 9-parameter model which includes the radial spin-orbit interaction parameter (ζso), the Slater–Condon one-particle electrostatic interaction parameters (F2, F4, and F6), the two-particle electrostatic configuration-interaction parameters (α, β, and γ), and the octahedral (Oh) crystal-field interaction parameters (B(4)0 and B(6)0). The values deduced for the crystal-field parameters are B(4)0 =2400 cm−1 and B(6)0 =−330 cm−1 (expressed with unit-tensor normalization).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: perovskite ; PbTiO3 ; sol-gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Single-source metal precursors designed to form crystalline perovskite phase mixed metal oxides at low temperatures have been synthesized using α-hydroxycarboxylates and alkoxides as ligands. Divalent salts of Ba, Sr, Ca and Pb, [A(O2CCR2OH)2], R = H, Me, were formed from the reaction between ACO3 and HO2CCR2OH in which the hydroxyl group is free to react with metal alkoxide compounds B(OR′)4 where B=Ti, Zr, Sn. These compounds react to eliminate two equivalents of alcohol producing precursors with fixed stoichiometry as shown by the equation: A(O2CCR2OH)2+B(OR′)4 → A(O2CCR2O)2B(OR′)2+2HOR′. The reaction product is only slightly soluble in pyridine, however upon hydrolysis these compounds form clear solutions from which yellow powders can be isolated by removal of the solvent. Thermolysis of these powders in the temperature range 300–350°C yields perovskite ABO3. Aqueous solutions of these powders can also be used to form sub-micron sized particles of ABO3 materials via aerosol processing techniques. In control experiments it was shown that Pb(O2CCH2OPh)2 does not react with metal alkoxide compounds. As a result perovskite PbTiO3 is not formed below 550°C. Solutions for spin coating thin films can be formed by dissolution of the powder in ethanol, but the crystallization behavior is quite different compared to the bulk powders.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1971-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-7863
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5126
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1993-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0897-4756
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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