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  • 1
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    Resolving Shallow Shear-Wave Velocity Structure beneath Station CBN by Waveform Modeling of the Mw 5.8 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake Sequence (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The 23 August 2011 M w  5.8 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake was the largest earthquake in the central and eastern United States in the past 100 years, and it was well recorded by strong motion and broadband seismometers, thus providing abundant ground-motion data for earthquake ground-motion studies. The largest recorded ground motion among Advanced National Seismic System stations was at station CBN, but the site effects at station CBN need to be understood because the strong motions recorded there do not represent bedrock site conditions. On the radial component of these recordings, the initial P wave is very weak, and is followed by a strong signal 0.3 s later, which is interpreted to be the S wave converted from the P wave ( PS ) at the interface between the sediments and bedrock. We first estimate the subsurface shear-wave velocity by modeling the ratio of the radial to vertical components of the initial P waves, and then resolve the velocity structure and thickness of the unconsolidated sediments by modeling the PS wave. The subsurface shear-wave velocity is found to be approximately 300 m/s, consistent with field survey results. The shear-wave velocity at the bottom of the sediments is constrained to be in the range of 320~780 m/s, from which the thickness of the layer is estimated to be 100~230 m. The estimates of shear-wave velocity structure and thickness of the sediments are further improved by modeling the oscillatory waveforms between the P and S waves. This study suggests that site characterization for the estimation of ground-motion amplification at a site can be achieved inexpensively and noninvasively by modeling local P waveforms recorded at the site.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 2
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    Metabolic click-labeling with a fucose analog reveals pectin delivery, architecture, and dynamics in Arabidopsis cell walls [Plant Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: Polysaccharide-rich cell walls are a defining feature of plants that influence cell division and growth, but many details of cell-wall organization and dynamics are unknown because of a lack of suitable chemical probes. Metabolic labeling using sugar analogs compatible with click chemistry has the potential to provide new insights into cell-wall structure and dynamics. Using this approach, we found that an alkynylated fucose analog (FucAl) is metabolically incorporated into the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana roots and that a significant fraction of the incorporated FucAl is present in pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). Time-course experiments revealed that FucAl-containing RG-I first localizes in cell walls as uniformly distributed punctae that likely mark the sites of vesicle-mediated delivery of new polysaccharides to growing cell walls. In addition, we found that the pattern of incorporated FucAl differs markedly along the developmental gradient of the root. Using pulse-chase experiments, we also discovered that the pectin network is reoriented in elongating root epidermal cells. These results reveal previously undescribed details of polysaccharide delivery, organization, and dynamics in cell walls.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Geomechanical modelling of CO2 geological storage with the use of site specific rock mechanics laboratory data (2014)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-25
    Description: Many diverse challenges – political, economic, legal and technical – face the continued development and deployment of geological storage of anthropogenic CO 2 . Among the technical challenges will be the satisfactory proof of storage site security and efficacy. Evidence from many past geotechnical projects has shown the investigations and analyses that are required to demonstrate safe and satisfactory performance will be site specific. This will hold for the geomechanical assessment of saline aquifer storage site integrity where, compared to depleted hydrocarbon fields, there will be no previous pressure response history or rock property characterization data available. The work presented was carried out as part of a project investigating the improvement in levels of confidence in all aspects of saline aquifer site selection and characterization that could be expected with increasing data availability and in-depth analysis. Attention focused on the geomechanical modelling and the rock mechanics data used to populate models of two storage sites in geological settings analogous to those where CO 2 storage might be considered. Coupled geomechanical models were developed from reservoir simulation models initially incorporating generic rock mechanical properties and then laboratory-derived site-specific properties. The models were run in various configurations to investigate the effect of changing the rock mechanical properties on the geomechanical response of the storage systems. Modelling results showed that the pressure response at one site due to low injectivity caused significant potential for fault reactivation. Increasing the number of injection wells, thereby reducing the individual rates needed to deliver the target capacity, reduced the injection pressures and ameliorated, but did not eliminate, this adverse response.
    Print ISSN: 1354-0793
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 4
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    Plant functional genomics (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-20
    Description: Nucleotide sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome is nearing completion, sequencing of the rice genome has begun, and large amounts of expressed sequence tag information are being obtained for many other plants. There are many opportunities to use this wealth of sequence information to accelerate progress toward a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control plant growth and development and responses to the environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Somerville, C -- Somerville, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 16;285(5426):380-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, 260 Panama Street, Stanford CA 94305, USA. crs@andrew2.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics ; Chromosomes ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Library ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oryza/genetics ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Pre- and postinvasion defenses both contribute to nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-19
    Description: Nonhost resistance describes the immunity of an entire plant species against nonadapted pathogen species. We report that Arabidopsis PEN2 restricts pathogen entry of two ascomycete powdery mildew fungi that in nature colonize grass and pea species. The PEN2 glycosyl hydrolase localizes to peroxisomes and acts as a component of an inducible preinvasion resistance mechanism. Postinvasion fungal growth is blocked by a separate resistance layer requiring the EDS1-PAD4-SAG101 signaling complex, which is known to function in basal and resistance (R) gene-triggered immunity. Concurrent impairment of pre- and postinvasion resistance renders Arabidopsis a host for both nonadapted fungi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lipka, Volker -- Dittgen, Jan -- Bednarek, Pawel -- Bhat, Riyaz -- Wiermer, Marcel -- Stein, Monica -- Landtag, Jorn -- Brandt, Wolfgang -- Rosahl, Sabine -- Scheel, Dierk -- Llorente, Francisco -- Molina, Antonio -- Parker, Jane -- Somerville, Shauna -- Schulze-Lefert, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 18;310(5751):1180-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Koln, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/enzymology/genetics/*immunology/microbiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Ascomycota/physiology ; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/physiology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology ; Mutation ; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/*physiology ; Peroxisomes/physiology ; Phytophthora/physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Qa-SNARE Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Plant biology. Resisting attack (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishimura, Marc -- Somerville, Shauna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2032-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Plant ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Mutation ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Phenotype ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Proteins/*metabolism ; Plants/*genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    O-Glycan analysis of cellobiohydrolase I from Neurospora crassa (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: We describe here the composition of the O -linked glycans on the Neurospora crassa cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI), which accounts for approximately 40% of the protein secreted by cells growing in the presence of cellulose. CBHI is O -glycosylated with six types of linear, and three types of branched, O -glycans containing approximately equal amounts of mannose and galactose. In addition to the classic fungal O -glycans with reducing end mannoses, we also identified reducing end galactoses which suggest the existence of a protein- O -galactosyltransferase in N. crassa . Because of the excellent genetic resources available for N. crassa , the knowledge of the CBHI O -glycans may enable the future evaluation of the role of O -glycosylation on cellulase function and the development of directed O -glycan/cellulase engineering.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6658
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2423
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Spatially unassociated galaxies contribute significantly to the blended submillimetre galaxy population: predictions for follow-up observations of ALMA sources (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-22
    Description: There is anecdotal evidence that spatially and physically unassociated galaxies blended into a single submillimetre (submm) source contribute to the submm galaxy (SMG) population. This work is the first to theoretically predict the number counts of such sources. We generate mock SMG catalogues using light cones derived from the Bolshoi cosmological simulation; to assign submm flux densities to the mock galaxies, we use a fitting function previously derived from the results of dust radiative transfer performed on hydrodynamical simulations of isolated disc and merging galaxies. We then calculate submm number counts for different beam sizes and without blending. We predict that 50 per cent of blended SMGs have at least one spatially unassociated component with S 850  〉 1 mJy. For a 15-arcsec beam, blends of 〉2 galaxies in which at least one component is spatially unassociated dominate the blended sources with total S 850 3 mJy. The distribution of the redshift separations amongst the components is strongly bimodal. The typical redshift separation of spatially unassociated blended sources is ~1. Our predictions for the contributions of spatially unassociated components and the distribution of redshift separations are not testable with currently available data, but they will be easily tested once sufficiently accurate redshifts for the individual subcomponents (resolved by e.g. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) of a sufficient number of single-dish-detected blended SMGs are available.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Ground-Motion Simulations of 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes, Central United States (2015)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: We performed a suite of numerical simulations based on the 1811–1812 New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) earthquakes, which demonstrate the importance of 3D geologic structure and rupture directivity on the ground-motion response throughout a broad region of the central United States (CUS) for these events. Our simulation set consists of 20 hypothetical earthquakes located along two faults associated with the current seismicity trends in the NMSZ. The hypothetical scenarios range in magnitude from M  7.0 to 7.7 and consider various epicenters, slip distributions, and rupture characterization approaches. The low-frequency component of our simulations was computed deterministically up to a frequency of 1 Hz using a regional 3D seismic velocity model and was combined with higher-frequency motions calculated for a 1D medium to generate broadband synthetics (0–40 Hz in some cases). For strike-slip earthquakes located on the southwest–northeast-striking NMSZ axial arm of seismicity, our simulations show 2–10 s period energy channeling along the trend of the Reelfoot rift and focusing strong shaking northeast toward Paducah, Kentucky, and Evansville, Indiana, and southwest toward Little Rock, Arkansas. These waveguide effects are further accentuated by rupture directivity such that an event with a western epicenter creates strong amplification toward the northeast, whereas an eastern epicenter creates strong amplification toward the southwest. These effects are not as prevalent for simulations on the reverse-mechanism Reelfoot fault, and large peak ground velocities (〉40 cm/s) are typically confined to the near-source region along the up-dip projection of the fault. Nonetheless, these basin response and rupture directivity effects have a significant impact on the pattern and level of the estimated intensities, which leads to additional uncertainty not previously considered in magnitude estimates of the 1811–1812 sequence based only on historical reports. The region covered by our simulation domain encompasses a large portion of the CUS centered on the NMSZ, including several major metropolitan areas. Based on our simulations, more than eight million people living and working near the NMSZ would experience potentially damaging ground motion and modified Mercalli intensities ranging from VI to VIII if a repeat of the 1811–1812 earthquakes occurred today. Moreover, the duration of strong ground shaking in the greater Memphis metropolitan area could last from 30 to more than 60 s, depending on the magnitude and epicenter. Online Material: Tables of 1D velocity models used to generate the high-frequency synthetics, and figures of source models and peak ground motion synthetics.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 10
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    Large-scale structure with cold dark matter (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Electronic ISSN: 2397-3366
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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