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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water vapour flux divergence over the Arabian Sea during 1987 summer monsoon using satellite data (1990)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 51 (1990), S. 199-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The evaporation rates over the Arabian Sea (AS) for the summer monsoon months (June to September) of 1987 have been computed using the bulk-aerodynamic formula. The satellite derived precipitation from the INSAT-1B VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer) sensor operating in the wavelength 10.5–12.5 Μm has been used for computing the precipitation over the AS. The net water vapour flux divergence (NFD) over AS has been computed as the difference between evaporation and precipitation. The estimates being -0.02 × 1010, 2.55 × 1010, 0.70 × 1010 and 0.44 × 1010 tons/day respectively for the months June, July, August and September. The NFD over AS was found to be positively and significantly correlated with the mean monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120468
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annual mean statistics of the surface fluxes of the tropical Indian Ocean (1990)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 51 (1990), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The computed long-term annual mean and intramonthly variances of air and sea surface temperature, wind stress, effective radiation at the surface, heat gain over the ocean and the total heat loss for the tropical Indian Ocean between 30 °N and 30 °S are presented. These estimates, which are based on about one million weather reports for the period 1948–1972, indicate a mean annual meridional heat transport in agreement with previous estimates in direction though different in magnitude. The annual mean E-P chart shows that the Bay of Bengal region is highly conducive to large-scale convergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122142
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Latitudinal variation of air sea fluxes in the western Indian ocean during austral summer and fall (1989)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 48 (1989), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Daily and zonal (latitudinal belt) averages of heat and momentum fluxes were computed using bulk aerodynamic formulae, from the meteorological parameters measured onboard ‘M. S. Thuleland’ during the sixth Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica (26th November, 1986 to 22nd March, 1987). Both estimates showed significant variations, the momentum flux showing the largest variation. The maximum values of sensible and latent heat fluxes were observed over the 30°–40° S and 10°–20° S zones during the southern summer and fall respectively while the minimum values of latent heat flux were observed in the 60°–70° S zone for both seasons. The sensible heat flux minimum was observed in the 50°°60° S and 60°–70° S zones for summer and fall, respectively. Higher momentum flux values over the 40°–50° S zone in summer shifted to the 50°–60° S zone during fall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121785
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the marine boundary layer over north western Indian Ocean during 1983 summer monsoon (1990)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 52 (1990), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spatial variability of the structure of the lower troposphere over the northwestern Indian Ocean for the period 12th July to 2nd September, 1983 has been studied using upper air data collected during the first scientific cruise of ORV ‘Sagar Kanya’. An analysis of thermodynamic structure and kinematics of the marine boundary layer for different zonal and meridional sections revealed the following features: (a) Temperature and humidity inversions were generally absent over the study area except over a few locations in the western region; (b) Large-scale subsidence was found over the central equatorial Indian Ocean; (c) The convective activity over the western Indian Ocean was found to be moderately suppressed as compared to the eastern region; (d) The zonal and meridional components of winds along the equator and 10° N zonal section exhibited a mirror-image-like distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123183
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitable water over the tropical Indian Ocean derived from NIMBUS 7 satellite data — A case study (1993)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 66 (1993), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The data from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) sensor on board the NIMBUS 7 satellite in the 18 and 21 Ghz channels are used to derive the Precipitable Water (PW) over the tropical Indian Ocean for the period May–September, 1979. The PW values are derived by using both the horizontal and vertical polarization channels. These PW values along with the satellite-derived sea surface temeprature (SST) and the lower tropospheric wind (UW) data reveal the features of the summer monsoon circulation of the tropical Indian Ocean in 1979. Further, the derived PW values from Nimbus 7 SMMR data agree well with features of PW presented by Cadet (1983) inferred from the TIROS—N soundings and FGGE data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705481
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Role of the Cross Equatorial Flow on Summer MonsoonRainfall over India using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Data (1999)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 70 (1999), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary  The role of the cross equatorial flow from the southern Indian Ocean on the Indian Summer monsoon is examined using the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) data for the period January 1982 to December 1994. A comparison of NCEP/NCAR data with the satellite data retrieved from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) sensor onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) exhibited a negative bias for the wind speeds greater than 4 m/s. whereas in the case of specific humidity, SSMI values exhibited a positive bias and the precipitable water derived from the satellite data exhibited a negative bias. The NCEP reanalysis is able to depict the mean annual cycle of both the cross equatorial flow and moisture flow into the Indian subcontinent during the monsoon season, but it fails to depict these differences during excess (1983, 1988, 1994) and deficit monsoon (1982, 1986, 1987) composites. Further, it is seen that inter hemispheric flow far exceeds the excess moisture available over the Arabian Sea indicating that it is the cross equatorial flow which decides the fate of the Indian summer monsoon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050034
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaporation over the Arabian Sea during two contrasting monsoons (1989)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 41 (1989), S. 87-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monthly mean surface fields of different meteorological parameters and evaporation are studied for the 1979 (poor monsoon) and 1983 (good monsoon) monsoon seasons over the Arabian Sea, in order to understand the role of evaporation on the Indian monsoon rainfall. It is noticed that in general, the sea surface temperatures are higher in 1983 throughout the monsoon season than in 1979 in the Arabian Sea excepting western region. The mean rates of evaporation on a seasonal scale are found to be equal in both years (3.66×1010 and 3.59×1010 tons/day in 1979 and 1983, respectively). No coherence is observed between the evaporation and the west coast rainfall within a season. It is also noted that the pressure distribution over the Arabian Sea is even important to advect the moisture towards the west coast of India, through winds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01043454
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air-Sea Interaction over the Indian Ocean During the Two Contrasting Monsoon Years 1987 and 1988 Studied with Satellite Data (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 60 (1998), S. 219-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The air-sea interaction processes over the tropical Indian Ocean region are studied using sea surface temperature data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor onboard the NOAA series of satellites. The columnar water-vapour content, low-level atmospheric humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and back radiation from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager on board the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program are all examined for two contrasting monsoon years, namely 1987 (deficit rainfall) and 1988 (excess rainfall). From these parameters the longwave radiative net flux at the sea surface and the ocean-air moisture flux are derived for further analysis of the air-sea interaction in the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the south China Sea and the southern Indian Ocean. An analysis of ten-day and monthly mean evaporation rates over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal shows that the evaporation was higher in these areas during the low rainfall year (1987) indicating little or no influence of this parameter on the ensuing monsoon activity over the Indian subcontinent. On the other hand, the evaporation in the southern Indian Ocean was higher during July and September 1988 when compared with the same months of 1987. The evaporation rate over the south Indian Ocean and the low-level cross-equatorial moisture flux seem to play a major role on the ensuing monsoon activity over India while the evaporation over the Arabian Sea is less important. Since we have only analysed one deficit/ excess monsoon cycle the results presented here are of preliminary nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050045
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  • 9
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    Precipitable water over the tropical Indian Ocean derived from NIMBUS 7 satellite data ? A case study (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Structure of the marine boundary layer over north western Indian Ocean during 1983 summer monsoon (1990)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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