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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2010-05-18
    Description: Staphylococcal superantigen-carrying pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are discrete, chromosomally integrated units of approximately 15 kilobases that are induced by helper phages to excise and replicate. SaPI DNA is then efficiently encapsidated in phage-like infectious particles, leading to extremely high frequencies of intra- as well as intergeneric transfer. In the absence of helper phage lytic growth, the island is maintained in a quiescent prophage-like state by a global repressor, Stl, which controls expression of most of the SaPI genes. Here we show that SaPI derepression is effected by a specific, non-essential phage protein that binds to Stl, disrupting the Stl-DNA complex and thereby initiating the excision-replication-packaging cycle of the island. Because SaPIs require phage proteins to be packaged, this strategy assures that SaPIs will be transferred once induced. Several different SaPIs are induced by helper phage 80alpha and, in each case, the SaPI commandeers a different non-essential phage protein for its derepression. The highly specific interactions between different SaPI repressors and helper-phage-encoded antirepressors represent a remarkable evolutionary adaptation involved in pathogenicity island mobilization.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518041/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518041/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tormo-Mas, Maria Angeles -- Mir, Ignacio -- Shrestha, Archana -- Tallent, Sandra M -- Campoy, Susana -- Lasa, Inigo -- Barbe, Jordi -- Novick, Richard P -- Christie, Gail E -- Penades, Jose R -- R01AI022159-23A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI067654/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI067654-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21AI067654/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 10;465(7299):779-82. doi: 10.1038/nature09065. Epub 2010 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro de Investigacion y Tecnologia Animal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (CITA-IVIA), Apdo. 187, Segorbe, Castellon 12400, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; DNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA Replication ; Genomic Islands/*genetics ; Helper Viruses/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Lysogeny/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Prophages/metabolism/physiology ; Pyrophosphatases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Repressor Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Shock, Septic ; Staphylococcus Phages/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*genetics/pathogenicity/virology ; Superantigens/genetics ; Up-Regulation/*genetics ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: The synthesis of virulence factors and other extracellular proteins by Staphylococcus aureus is globally controlled by the agr locus, which encodes a two-component signaling pathway whose activating ligand is an agr-encoded autoinducing peptide. The cognate peptides produced by some strains inhibit the expression of agr in other strains, and the amino acid sequences of peptide and receptor are markedly different between such strains, suggesting a hypervariability-generating mechanism. Cross-inhibition of gene expression represents a type of bacterial interference that could be correlated with the ability of one strain to exclude others from infection or colonization sites, or both.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ji, G -- Beavis, R -- Novick, R P -- R01-AI30138/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2027-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Antibiosis ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dimerization ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Signal Transduction ; Staphylococcus aureus/*genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-11-12
    Description: Replication of the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pT181, which occurs by the rolling circle mechanism, is accompanied by the covalent attachment of a approximately 12-residue oligodeoxy-nucleotide to one subunit of the dimeric plasmid-coded initiator protein, RepC. This oligonucleotide represents the plasmid sequence immediately 3' to the initiating nick site. The resulting heterodimeric protein lacks the topoisomerase and replication activities of unmodified RepC, suggesting that the regulation of plasmid DNA replication requires post-replicational inactivation of the initiator protein as well as control of its synthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rasooly, A -- Novick, R P -- GM14372/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 12;262(5136):1048-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plasmid Biology, Public Health Research Institute, New York, NY 10016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Chloramphenicol/pharmacology ; *DNA Replication ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*metabolism ; *Plasmids ; Staphylococcus aureus/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1993-01-08
    Description: Soon after methicillin was introduced into clinical practice in the early 1960s, resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) appeared, bearing a newly acquired resistance gene, mecA, that encodes a penicillin binding protein, PBP2a. MRSA have spread throughout the world, and an investigation of the clonality of 472 isolates by DNA hybridization was performed. All 472 isolates could be divided into six temporally ordered mecA hybridization patterns, and three of these were subdivided by the chromomosomal transposon Tn554. Each Tn554 pattern occurred in association with one and only one mecA pattern, suggesting that mecA divergence preceded the acquisition of Tn554 in all cases and therefore that mecA may have been acquired just once by S. aureus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kreiswirth, B -- Kornblum, J -- Arbeit, R D -- Eisner, W -- Maslow, J N -- McGeer, A -- Low, D E -- Novick, R P -- AI22159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 8;259(5092):227-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bureau of Laboratories, New York City Department of Health, NY 10016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8093647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Proteins ; Biological Evolution ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific ; *Hexosyltransferases ; Methicillin Resistance/*genetics ; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; *Peptidyl Transferases ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Novick, Richard P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):910-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1154769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. novick@saturn.med.nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscess/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Chelating Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Manganese/metabolism ; Neutrophils/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Staphylococcal Infections/*drug therapy/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/*growth & ; development/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Xanthophylls/*biosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-01-03
    Description: Because bacteriophages generally parasitize only closely related bacteria, it is assumed that phage-mediated genetic exchange occurs primarily within species. Here we report that staphylococcal pathogenenicity islands, containing superantigen genes, and other mobile elements transferred to Listeria monocytogenes at the same high frequencies as they transfer within Staphylococcus aureus. Several staphylococcal phages transduced L. monocytogenes but could not form plaques. In an experiment modeling phage therapy for bovine mastitis, we observed pathogenicity island transfer between S. aureus and L. monocytogenes in raw milk. Thus, phages may participate in a far more expansive network of genetic information exchange among bacteria of different species than originally thought, with important implications for the evolution of human pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, John -- Novick, Richard P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):139-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1164783.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attachment Sites, Microbiological/genetics ; Bacterial Toxins/genetics ; Cattle ; Enterotoxins/genetics ; Female ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genomic Islands/*genetics ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences/genetics ; Listeria monocytogenes/*genetics ; Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology/therapy ; Milk/microbiology ; Mutation ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/therapy/veterinary ; Staphylococcus Phages/*genetics/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*genetics/pathogenicity/virology ; Superantigens/genetics ; *Transduction, Genetic ; Viral Plaque Assay ; Virus Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gleick, P H -- Adams, R M -- Amasino, R M -- Anders, E -- Anderson, D J -- Anderson, W W -- Anselin, L E -- Arroyo, M K -- Asfaw, B -- Ayala, F J -- Bax, A -- Bebbington, A J -- Bell, G -- Bennett, M V L -- Bennetzen, J L -- Berenbaum, M R -- Berlin, O B -- Bjorkman, P J -- Blackburn, E -- Blamont, J E -- Botchan, M R -- Boyer, J S -- Boyle, E A -- Branton, D -- Briggs, S P -- Briggs, W R -- Brill, W J -- Britten, R J -- Broecker, W S -- Brown, J H -- Brown, P O -- Brunger, A T -- Cairns, J Jr -- Canfield, D E -- Carpenter, S R -- Carrington, J C -- Cashmore, A R -- Castilla, J C -- Cazenave, A -- Chapin, F S 3rd -- Ciechanover, A J -- Clapham, D E -- Clark, W C -- Clayton, R N -- Coe, M D -- Conwell, E M -- Cowling, E B -- Cowling, R M -- Cox, C S -- Croteau, R B -- Crothers, D M -- Crutzen, P J -- Daily, G C -- Dalrymple, G B -- Dangl, J L -- Darst, S A -- Davies, D R -- Davis, M B -- De Camilli, P V -- Dean, C -- DeFries, R S -- Deisenhofer, J -- Delmer, D P -- DeLong, E F -- DeRosier, D J -- Diener, T O -- Dirzo, R -- Dixon, J E -- Donoghue, M J -- Doolittle, R F -- Dunne, T -- Ehrlich, P R -- Eisenstadt, S N -- Eisner, T -- Emanuel, K A -- Englander, S W -- Ernst, W G -- Falkowski, P G -- Feher, G -- Ferejohn, J A -- Fersht, A -- Fischer, E H -- Fischer, R -- Flannery, K V -- Frank, J -- Frey, P A -- Fridovich, I -- Frieden, C -- Futuyma, D J -- Gardner, W R -- Garrett, C J R -- Gilbert, W -- Goldberg, R B -- Goodenough, W H -- Goodman, C S -- Goodman, M -- Greengard, P -- Hake, S -- Hammel, G -- Hanson, S -- Harrison, S C -- Hart, S R -- Hartl, D L -- Haselkorn, R -- Hawkes, K -- Hayes, J M -- Hille, B -- Hokfelt, T -- House, J S -- Hout, M -- Hunten, D M -- Izquierdo, I A -- Jagendorf, A T -- Janzen, D H -- Jeanloz, R -- Jencks, C S -- Jury, W A -- Kaback, H R -- Kailath, T -- Kay, P -- Kay, S A -- Kennedy, D -- Kerr, A -- Kessler, R C -- Khush, G S -- Kieffer, S W -- Kirch, P V -- Kirk, K -- Kivelson, M G -- Klinman, J P -- Klug, A -- Knopoff, L -- Kornberg, H -- Kutzbach, J E -- Lagarias, J C -- Lambeck, K -- Landy, A -- Langmuir, C H -- Larkins, B A -- Le Pichon, X T -- Lenski, R E -- Leopold, E B -- Levin, S A -- Levitt, M -- Likens, G E -- Lippincott-Schwartz, J -- Lorand, L -- Lovejoy, C O -- Lynch, M -- Mabogunje, A L -- Malone, T F -- Manabe, S -- Marcus, J -- Massey, D S -- McWilliams, J C -- Medina, E -- Melosh, H J -- Meltzer, D J -- Michener, C D -- Miles, E L -- Mooney, H A -- Moore, P B -- Morel, F M M -- Mosley-Thompson, E S -- Moss, B -- Munk, W H -- Myers, N -- Nair, G B -- Nathans, J -- Nester, E W -- Nicoll, R A -- Novick, R P -- O'Connell, J F -- Olsen, P E -- Opdyke, N D -- Oster, G F -- Ostrom, E -- Pace, N R -- Paine, R T -- Palmiter, R D -- Pedlosky, J -- Petsko, G A -- Pettengill, G H -- Philander, S G -- Piperno, D R -- Pollard, T D -- Price, P B Jr -- Reichard, P A -- Reskin, B F -- Ricklefs, R E -- Rivest, R L -- Roberts, J D -- Romney, A K -- Rossmann, M G -- Russell, D W -- Rutter, W J -- Sabloff, J A -- Sagdeev, R Z -- Sahlins, M D -- Salmond, A -- Sanes, J R -- Schekman, R -- Schellnhuber, J -- Schindler, D W -- Schmitt, J -- Schneider, S H -- Schramm, V L -- Sederoff, R R -- Shatz, C J -- Sherman, F -- Sidman, R L -- Sieh, K -- Simons, E L -- Singer, B H -- Singer, M F -- Skyrms, B -- Sleep, N H -- Smith, B D -- Snyder, S H -- Sokal, R R -- Spencer, C S -- Steitz, T A -- Strier, K B -- Sudhof, T C -- Taylor, S S -- Terborgh, J -- Thomas, D H -- Thompson, L G -- Tjian, R T -- Turner, M G -- Uyeda, S -- Valentine, J W -- Valentine, J S -- Van Etten, J L -- van Holde, K E -- Vaughan, M -- Verba, S -- von Hippel, P H -- Wake, D B -- Walker, A -- Walker, J E -- Watson, E B -- Watson, P J -- Weigel, D -- Wessler, S R -- West-Eberhard, M J -- White, T D -- Wilson, W J -- Wolfenden, R V -- Wood, J A -- Woodwell, G M -- Wright, H E Jr -- Wu, C -- Wunsch, C -- Zoback, M L -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):689-90. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change ; Politics ; Public Policy ; Research/standards ; Research Personnel
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of virulence factors and other exoproteins inStaphylococcus aureus is controlled by the global regulator,agr. Expression of secreted proteins is up-regulated in the postexponential growth phase, whereas expression of surface proteins is down-regulated byagr. Theagr locus consists of two divergent operons, transcribed from neighboring but non-overlapping promoters, P2 and P3. The P2 operon sequence, reported here, contains 4 open reading frames,agr A, C, D, andB, of whichA andC appear to encode proteins of a classical 2-component signal transduction pathway. The P3 operon specifies a 0.5 kb transcript, RNA III, which is the actual effector of theagr response, and, incidentally, encodes theagr-regulated peptide δ-hemolysin. Transcriptional fusions have shown that both P2 and P3 areagr sensitive (function in anagr + but not in anagr background) and deletion analysis has shown that all four of the P2 ORFs are involved;agrA andagrC seem to be absolutely required for the transcriptional activation of theagr locus, whereasagrB andagrD seem to be partially required. Since transcription of P2 requires P2 operon products, the P2 operon is autocatalytic, and is thus admirably suited to the need for rapid production of exo-proteins at a time when overall growth is coming to a halt.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 43 (1989), S. 537-563 
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cointegrates involving pairs of compatible staphylococcal plasmids can be isolated either by co-selection during transduction (Novick et al. 1981) or by selection for survival at the restrictive temperature of a thermosensitive, replication defective plasmid in the presence of a stable one. Cointegrates are formed by recombination at two specific sites, RSA and RSB. RSB is present on each of six plasmids analyzed, namely pT181, pE194, pC194, pS194, pUB110, and pSN2, and RSA is present on two of these, pT181 and pE194. In this communication, it is shown that the RS represent short regions of homology (RSA is some 70 bp in length and RSB is about 30) embedded in largely non-homologous contexts and that the crossovers take place within these homologous regions. The pT181 and pE194 RSA sequences contain several mismatches which permit the localization of the crossover events to several different sites within the overall RS segment. The recombination system involved is therefore general (homology-specific) rather than site-specific (sequence-specific). Mismatches included within the crossover region are always corrected to the pT181 configuration. The cointegrates are therefore formed by a relatively efficient general rec system that recognizes short regions of homology and gives rise to Holliday junctions that probably involve very short heteroduplex overlaps. The sequence results are consistent with asymmetric single-strand invasion of a contralateral gap with nucleotide conversion by copying. It is noted that RSB has substantial homology with the par sequence of plasmid pSC101, suggesting that it may be involved in plasmid partitioning.
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