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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-03-30
    Description: This study compares the changes of land use/land cover (Lu/Lc) or the surface type in last decades over India. Recent surface-type fractions show few major regional changes over India. There is a decrease in vegetation fraction, increase in urban and bare soil fractions over India. The Unified Model coupled with Joint UK Land Environment Simulator land surface model was used to investigate the recent Lu/Lc impact on weather prediction. Preliminary results show improvement in weather prediction by the incorporation of the recent Lu/Lc data. This highlights the need to incorporate more realistic Lu/Lc in the dynamical models for better weather prediction.
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-261X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Meteorological Society (RMetS).
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Neurodegenerative diseases affecting the macula constitute a major cause of incurable vision loss and exhibit considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity, from early-onset monogenic disease to multifactorial late-onset age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As part of our continued efforts to define genetic causes of macular degeneration, we performed whole exome sequencing in four individuals of a two-generation family with autosomal dominant maculopathy and identified a rare variant p.Glu1144Lys in Fibrillin 2 (FBN2), a glycoprotein of the elastin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). Sanger sequencing validated the segregation of this variant in the complete pedigree, including two additional affected and one unaffected individual. Sequencing of 192 maculopathy patients revealed additional rare variants, predicted to disrupt FBN2 function. We then undertook additional studies to explore the relationship of FBN2 to macular disease. We show that FBN2 localizes to Bruch's membrane and its expression appears to be reduced in aging and AMD eyes, prompting us to examine its relationship with AMD. We detect suggestive association of a common FBN2 non-synonymous variant, rs154001 (p.Val965Ile) with AMD in 10 337 cases and 11 174 controls (OR = 1.10; P -value = 3.79 x 10 –5 ). Thus, it appears that rare and common variants in a single gene— FBN2 —can contribute to Mendelian and complex forms of macular degeneration. Our studies provide genetic evidence for a key role of elastin microfibers and Bruch's membrane in maintaining blood–retina homeostasis and establish the importance of studying orphan diseases for understanding more common clinical phenotypes.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: Intracellular signaling networks receive and process information to control cellular machines. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1,2/protein kinase C (PKC) system is one such network that regulates many cellular machines, including the cell cycle machinery and autocrine/paracrine factor synthesizing machinery. We used a combination of computational analysis and experiments in mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts to understand the design principles of this controller network. We find that the growth factor-stimulated signaling network containing MAPK 1, 2/PKC can operate with one (monostable) or two (bistable) stable states. At low concentrations of MAPK phosphatase, the system exhibits bistable behavior, such that brief stimulus results in sustained MAPK activation. The MAPK-induced increase in the amounts of MAPK phosphatase eliminates the prolonged response capability and moves the network to a monostable state, in which it behaves as a proportional response system responding acutely to stimulus. Thus, the MAPK 1, 2/PKC controller network is flexibly designed, and MAPK phosphatase may be critical for this flexible response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhalla, Upinder S -- Ram, Prahlad T -- Iyengar, Ravi -- CA-79134/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-81050/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM-54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1018-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065 India. bhalla@ncbs.res.in〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Computer Simulation ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Immediate-Early Proteins/*metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mathematics ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/*metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phospholipases A/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: Biological signaling pathways interact with one another to form complex networks. Complexity arises from the large number of components, many with isoforms that have partially overlapping functions; from the connections among components; and from the spatial relationship between components. The origins of the complex behavior of signaling networks and analytical approaches to deal with the emergent complexity are discussed here.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773983/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773983/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weng, G -- Bhalla, U S -- Iyengar, R -- GM-54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):92-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Compartmentation ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Cytoskeleton/physiology ; Databases, Factual ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Genes ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Neurons/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Expression of Q205L Galphao (Galphao*), an alpha subunit of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) that lacks guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity in NIH-3T3 cells, results in transformation. Expression of Galphao* in NIH-3T3 cells activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) but not mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases 1 or 2. Coexpression of dominant negative Stat3 inhibited Galphao*-induced transformation of NIH-3T3 cells and activation of endogenous Stat3. Furthermore, Galphao* expression increased activity of the tyrosine kinase c-Src, and the Galphao*-induced activation of Stat3 was blocked by expression of Csk (carboxyl-terminal Src kinase), which inactivates c-Src. The results indicate that Stat3 can function as a downstream effector for Galphao* and mediate its biological effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ram, P T -- Horvath, C M -- Iyengar, R -- 1F32 CA79134-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK-38671/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM-54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):142-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. ramp01@doc.mssm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Line, Transformed ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits ; Genes, Reporter ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Neurites/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/metabolism/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transfection ; src-Family Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Many distinct signaling pathways allow the cell to receive, process, and respond to information. Often, components of different pathways interact, resulting in signaling networks. Biochemical signaling networks were constructed with experimentally obtained constants and analyzed by computational methods to understand their role in complex biological processes. These networks exhibit emergent properties such as integration of signals across multiple time scales, generation of distinct outputs depending on input strength and duration, and self-sustaining feedback loops. Feedback can result in bistable behavior with discrete steady-state activities, well-defined input thresholds for transition between states and prolonged signal output, and signal modulation in response to transient stimuli. These properties of signaling networks raise the possibility that information for "learned behavior" of biological systems may be stored within intracellular biochemical reactions that comprise signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhalla, U S -- Iyengar, R -- GM-54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):381-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcineurin/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Computer Simulation ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 ; Enzyme Activation ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Feedback ; Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Memory ; *Models, Biological ; Neurons/metabolism ; Phospholipase C gamma ; *Phosphoprotein Phosphatases ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; *Signal Transduction ; Synapses/metabolism ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1999-02-26
    Description: Signaling by guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) involves sequential protein-protein interactions. G protein-betagamma subunit (Gbetagamma) interactions with phospholipase C-beta2 (PLC-beta2) were studied to determine if all Gbeta contacts are required for signaling. A peptide encoding Gbeta amino acid residues 86 to 105 stimulated PLC-beta2. Six residues (96 to 101) within this sequence could transfer signals and thus constitute a core signal transfer region. Another peptide, encoding Gbeta amino acid residues 115 to 135, did not substantially stimulate PLC-beta2 by itself but inhibited Gbetagamma stimulation, indicating that residues 115 to 135 constitute a general binding domain. Resolution of signal transfer regions from general binding domains indicates that all protein-protein contacts are not required for signal transfer and that it may be feasible to synthesize agonists and antagonists that regulate intracellular signal flow.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buck, E -- Li, J -- Chen, Y -- Weng, G -- Scarlata, S -- Iyengar, R -- DK-38761/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM-43125/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1332-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10037604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Binding Sites ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Isoenzymes/*metabolism ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism/pharmacology ; Phospholipase C beta ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Type C Phospholipases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse involves interacting signaling components, including calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. Postsynaptic injection of thiophosphorylated inhibitor-1 protein, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), substituted for cAMP pathway activation in LTP. Stimulation that induced LTP triggered cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous inhibitor-1 and a decrease in PP1 activity. This stimulation also increased phosphorylation of CaMKII at Thr286 and Ca2+-independent CaMKII activity in a cAMP-dependent manner. The blockade of LTP by a CaMKII inhibitor was not overcome by thiophosphorylated inhibitor-1. Thus, the cAMP pathway uses PP1 to gate CaMKII signaling in LTP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blitzer, R D -- Connor, J H -- Brown, G P -- Wong, T -- Shenolikar, S -- Iyengar, R -- Landau, E M -- DK52054/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS33646/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1940-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bronx VA Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. rb2@doc.mssm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Thionucleotides/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) regulates neuronal differentiation. To understand the logic underlying decision-making in the signaling network controlling CB1R-induced neurite outgrowth, we profiled the activation of several hundred transcription factors after cell stimulation. We assembled an in silico signaling network by connecting CB1R to 23 activated transcription factors. Statistical analyses of this network predicted a role for the breast cancer 1 protein BRCA1 in neuronal differentiation and a new pathway from CB1R through phosphoinositol 3-kinase to the transcription factor paired box 6 (PAX6). Both predictions were experimentally confirmed. Results of transcription factor activation experiments that used pharmacological inhibitors of kinases revealed a network organization of partial OR gates regulating kinases stacked above AND gates that control transcription factors, which together allow for distributed decision-making in CB1R-induced neurite outgrowth.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776723/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776723/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bromberg, Kenneth D -- Ma'ayan, Avi -- Neves, Susana R -- Iyengar, Ravi -- 1 S10 RR0 9145-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 5R24 CA095823-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM072853/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM54508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558-01A20007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558-020007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558-030007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50-071558/PHS HHS/ -- R01 GM054508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054508-21/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072853/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072853-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA88796/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):903-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1152662.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cells, Cultured ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Eye Proteins/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Mice ; Neurites/*physiology ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; Rats ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iyengar, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):42-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. iyengar@msvax.mssm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; *RGS Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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