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  • 1
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    The dark portion of the Mediterranean Sea is a bioreactor of organic matter cycling (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-17
    Description: Total prokaryotic abundance, prokaryotic heterotrophic production and enzymatic activities were investigated in epi-, meso- and bathypelagic waters along a longitudinal transect covering the entire Mediterranean Sea. The prokaryotic production and enzymatic activities in deep waters were among the highest reported worldwide at similar depths, indicating that the peculiar physico-chemical characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea, characterized by warm temperatures (typically 13°C also at abyssal depths), support high rates of organic carbon degradation and incorporation by prokaryotic assemblages. The higher trophic conditions in the epipelagic waters of the Western basin resulted in significantly higher prokaryotic production and enzymatic activities rates than in the Central-Eastern basin. While all of the variables decreased significantly from epi- to meso- and bathypelagic waters, cell-specific hydrolytic activity and cell-specific carbon production significantly increased. In addition, the deep-water layers were characterized by low half-saturation constants (Km) of all enzymatic activities. These findings suggest that prokaryotic assemblages inhabiting the dark portion of the Mediterranean Sea are able to channel degraded carbon into biomass in a very efficient way, and that prokaryotic assemblages of the deep Mediterranean waters work as a “bioreactor” of organic matter cycling. Since prokaryotic production and enzymatic activities in deep water masses were inversely related with oxygen concentration, we hypothesize a tight link between prokaryotic metabolism and oxygen consumption. As climate change is increasing deep-water temperatures, the predicted positive response of prokaryotic metabolism to temperature increases may accelerate oxygen depletion of deep Mediterranean waters, with cascade consequences on carbon cycling and biogeochemical processes on the entire deep basin.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    STRUCTURE AND INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE PELAGIC MICROBIAL FOOD WEB (FROM VIRUSES TO MICROPLANKTON) ACROSS ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-16
    Description: ABSTRACT [1]  We have here investigated the structure of the pelagic microbial food web and quantified the carbon fluxes from viruses to microplankton along trophic gradients in the Mediterranean Sea. To explore the complex trophic pathways of the pelagic food web, we conducted independent and replicated experiments to measure: (i) predation on prokaryotes by microzooplankton; (ii) predation on prokaryotes by heterotrophic nanoflagellates; (iii) virus-induced prokaryotic mortality; and (iv) microzooplankton grazing on nanoplankton and microphytoplankton. Our study covered more than 5000 km, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Levantine basin, and from conditions of high primary production and nutrient availability to ultra-oligotrophic and phosphate-limited waters. Microphytoplankton abundance and biomass were typically scarce across the entire Mediterranean basin, with almost negligible levels in the eastern part. Also, nanoplankton biomass was typically low. Conversely, prokaryotes, and particularly the heterotrophic components, were abundant and represented the only significant food source for both nanoplankton and microplankton grazers. Viral infections were not the primary agents of prokaryotic mortality, but in some areas, such as the Ligurian Sea, they had a key role in prokaryotic dynamics. The scenario depicted in this study in summer reveals the pivotal role of microzooplankton in the pelagic food web of the Mediterranean Sea, with a key role in the potential transfer of biomass to higher trophic levels. We also show that converse to theoretical expectations, the microbial food web was relatively complex under the mesotrophic conditions (Atlantic and western Mediterranean), and was much more simplified in the ultra-oligotrophic conditions of the eastern Mediterranean.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production in deep-sea benthic ecosystems worldwide is extremely high, and that viral infections are responsible for the abatement of 80% of prokaryotic heterotrophic production. Virus-induced prokaryotic mortality increases with increasing water depth, and beneath a depth of 1,000 m nearly all of the prokaryotic heterotrophic production is transformed into organic detritus. The viral shunt, releasing on a global scale approximately 0.37-0.63 gigatonnes of carbon per year, is an essential source of labile organic detritus in the deep-sea ecosystems. This process sustains a high prokaryotic biomass and provides an important contribution to prokaryotic metabolism, allowing the system to cope with the severe organic resource limitation of deep-sea ecosystems. Our results indicate that viruses have an important role in global biogeochemical cycles, in deep-sea metabolism and the overall functioning of the largest ecosystem of our biosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danovaro, Roberto -- Dell'Anno, Antonio -- Corinaldesi, Cinzia -- Magagnini, Mirko -- Noble, Rachel -- Tamburini, Christian -- Weinbauer, Markus -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1084-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07268.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy. r.danovaro@univpm.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/virology ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Microbial Viability ; Oceans and Seas ; Prokaryotic Cells/cytology/metabolism/virology ; Seawater/*virology ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/isolation & purification/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Extracellular DNA plays a key role in deep-sea ecosystem functioning (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-01
    Description: The ecological role and biogeochemical relevance of extracellular DNA in the oceanic sediments are unknown. Our global estimates indicate that up to 0.45 gigatons of extracellular DNA are present in the top 10 centimeters of deep-sea sediments, representing the largest reservoir of DNA in the world oceans. We demonstrate that extracellular DNA accounts for about one fifth of the total organic phosphorus regeneration and provides almost half of the prokaryotic demand for organic phosphorus. It therefore plays a key role in deep-sea ecosystem functioning on a global scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dell'Anno, Antonio -- Danovaro, Roberto -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 30;309(5744):2179.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16195451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; DNA/*analysis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Pigments, Biological/analysis ; Prokaryotic Cells/*metabolism ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Protect the deep sea (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbier, Edward B -- Moreno-Mateos, David -- Rogers, Alex D -- Aronson, James -- Pendleton, Linwood -- Danovaro, Roberto -- Henry, Lea-Anne -- Morato, Telmo -- Ardron, Jeff -- Van Dover, Cindy L -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):475-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Aquatic Organisms ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods/trends ; *Ecology/economics/methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/economics ; *Oceans and Seas
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    [Policy Forum] An ecosystem-based deep-ocean strategy (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-03
    Description: Increasing exploration and industrial exploitation of the vast and fragile deep-ocean environment for a wide range of resources (e.g., oil, gas, fisheries, new molecules, and soon, minerals) raises global concerns about potential ecological impacts (1–3). Multiple impacts on deep-sea ecosystems (〉200 m below sea level; ∼65% of the Earth's surface is covered by deep ocean) caused by human activities may act synergistically and span extensive areas. Cumulative impacts could eventually cause regime shifts and alter deep-ocean life-support services, such as the biological pump or nutrient recycling (2, 4, 5). Although international law and national legislation largely ignore the deep sea's critical role in the functioning and buffering of planetary systems, there are promising developments in support of deep-sea protection at the United Nations and the International Seabed Authority (ISA). We propose a strategy that builds from existing infrastructures to address research and monitoring needs to inform governments and regulators. Authors: R. Danovaro, J. Aguzzi, E. Fanelli, D. Billett, K. Gjerde, A. Jamieson, E. Ramirez-Llodra, C. R. Smith, P. V. R. Snelgrove, L. Thomsen, C. L. Van Dover
    Keywords: Ocean Governance
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Biodiversity and trophic structure of nematode assemblages in seagrass systems: evidence for a coupling with changes in food availability (2002)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0025-3162
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1793
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioremediation of Dredged Sediments Polluted by Heavy Metals (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 20-21 (July 2007), p. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present work deals with a bioremediation study of a heavy-metal polluted harboursediment, obtained from the Italian Adriatic Coast. Bioleaching of the sediment sample wasperformed with a mixed culture of acidophilic, chemi-autotrophic Fe/S oxidising bacteria. Theeffect of an anaerobic biostimulation pre-treatment on the extent of Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Crextraction by bioleaching was evaluated. The biostimulation pre-treatment was intended tostimulate autochthonous sulfate reducing strains, to enhance the sulfide fraction in the sediment, tofavour subsequent activity of reduced-sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the subsequent bioaugmentation(bioleaching). The effect of the duration of anaerobic pre-treatment (21 and 30 days) in the presenceand absence of 1% glucose was tested. The results obtained showed that the activity of the reducedsulfur-oxidising strains was significantly enhanced after an anaerobic pre-treatment of thesediments and showed real promise for the application of bioleaching for metal polluted sediments
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMR.20-21.307.pdf
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particulate matter composition and bacterial distribution in Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) during summer 1989–1990 (1995)
    Springer
    Polar biology 15 (1995), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial distributions of particulate organic matter (POM) and microbes were investigated during the summer of 1989–1990 in the coastal waters of Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica). The elemental (organic carbon and nitrogen) and biochemical (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, DNA and RNA) composition of organic matter was related to bacterioplankton abundance, and pico-phytoplankton density. The ATP concentrations were also measured to gather information about the relationships between particulate matter composition and microbial distribution in Antarctic waters. Total seston was characterized by little spatial variation and was unrelated to the distance from the coast. Suspended particulate matter included some terrestrial components but was mostly composed of autochthonous material. POM was characterized by a uniform distribution and homogeneous composition (mostly of phytoplanktonic origin), and was associated with a relatively scarce microbial community characterized at the surface by high picophytoplankton density. The increase with depth of the living carbon fraction suggested an increase in the microheterotrophic community in the deeper water layers. A significant positive relationship between total bacterioplankton density, and carbohydrate and RNA concentrations was found. Similar significant relationships between pico-phytoplankton abundance and lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids were observed. On the basis of the close coupling found between microbiological and chemical compartments, it seems that, in Terra Nova Bay, bacterial distribution depends on suspended matter and in particular to the labile fraction of the organic detritus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239715
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detritus-Bacteria-Meiofauna interactions in a seagrass bed (Posidonia oceanica) of the NW Mediterranean (1996)
    Springer
    Marine biology 127 (1996), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical composition of the sediment organic matter, and bacterial and meiofaunal dynamics, were monitored over an annual cycle in aPosidonia oceanica bed of the NW Mediterranean to test the response of the meiofauna assemblage to fluctuations in food availability. Primary production cycles of the seagrass and its epiphytes were responsible for relatively high (compared to other Mediterranean systems) standing stocks of organic carbon in sediments (from 1.98 to 6.16 mg Cg−1 sediment dry weight). The biopolymeric fraction of the organic matter (measured as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) accounted for only a small fraction (18%) of the total sedimentary organic carbon. About 25% of the biopolymeric fraction was of microphytobenthic origin. Sedimentary organic carbon was mostly refractory (56 to 84%) and probably largely not utilizable for benthic consumers. The biopolymeric fraction of the organic matter was characterized by high carbohydrate concentrations (from 0.27 to 5.31 mg g−1 sediment dry weight in the top 2 cm) and a very low protein content (from 0.07 to 0.80 mg g−1 sediment dry weight), which may be a limiting factor for heterotrophic metabolism in seagrass sediments. RNA and DNA concentrations of the Sediments varied significantly during the year. High RNA and DNA values occurred during the microphytobenthic bloom and in correspondence with peaks of bacterial abundance. Bacteria accounted for a small fraction of the total organic carbon (0.65%) and of the biopolymeric organic carbon (4.64%), whilst microphytobenthos accounted for 3.79% of total organic carbon and for 25.08% of the biopolymeric carbon. Bacterial abundance (from 0.8 to 5.8 × 108 g−1 sediment dry weight) responded significantly to seasonal changes of organic matter content and composition and was significantly correlated with carbohydrate concentrations. Bacteria might be, in the seagrass system, an important N storage for higher trophic levels as il accounted for 25% of the easily soluble protein. pool and contributed significantly to the total DNA pool (on average 12%). Total meiofaunal density ranged from 236 to 1858 ind. 10 cm−2 and was significantly related, with a time lag, to changes in bacterial standing stocks indicating that microbes might represent an important resource. Bacterial abundance and biomass were also significantly related to nematode abundance. These results indicate that bacteria may play a key role in the benthic trophic
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993638
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