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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Experiments using the BMRC general circulation model with a heat balance ocean (1991)
    Melbourne, Vic. : Bureau of Meteorology
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: MOP 43697 / Mitte
    In: BMRC research report
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: V, 31 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: BMRC research report 24
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    Tropical Australian climate and the Australian monsoon as simulated by 23 CMIP3 models (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-27
    Description: Large-scale aspects of the Australian tropical climate are analyzed in the CMIP3 models, including means and seasonal variations of temperature, mean sea level pressure, winds, and precipitation as well as interannual variability of precipitation and its association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). A notable characteristic is an enormous range in model skill, but with biases in a number of variables averaging out to a surprisingly skilful representation by the ensemble area average mean. There are some significant geographical biases, with mean precipitation extending too far southward into the continental interior. The model ensemble shows seasonal reversals of low-level easterlies into westerlies and the reverse aloft, and reasonable skill in the location, orientation, and seasonal progression of the low-level monsoon “shear line.” Broadscale features of winds between the equator and the continent in the Australian region are generally too weak, particularly those immediately north and northeast of the continent. Models with greater/lesser wet season precipitation over the continent have stronger/weaker low-level westerlies and more/less intense regional convection. An inverse relationship is also found between precipitation amounts and collocated continental surface temperature. Precipitation biases in models are related to differences in occurrence of convection/suppressed vertical motion, and to related precipitation amounts. Interannual variability in precipitation is too weak in the model ensemble (although model range in variability is considerable). This is not, however, the result of weak correlations with ENSO, which are found to be slightly too strong in most models.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Surface albedo feedbacks from climate variability and change (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-05
    Description: [1]  Snow and sea ice surface albedo feedback is evaluated in models from the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) using the radiative ‘kernel’ technique. A comparison is carried out between feedbacks at climate change timescales and those operating under seasonal, interannual and decadal variability. A primary motivation is to examine possible relationships across these timescales. Similarities are found in the mean model meridional distribution of feedback, although uncertainties are large due to model spread and uncertainties from regressions. Climate change feedback appears stronger over the Arctic north of 75°N. Consistent with findings elsewhere, climate change feedback strengths over northern hemisphere (NH) snow and sea ice are uncorrelated., although weak correlation is found between NH and Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea ice. By contrast, at other timescales, moderate positive correlations are found between NH snow and sea ice albedo feedbacks, and between NH and SH sea ice albedo feedbacks. Statistically significant correlations are not found between surface albedo feedbacks at climate change and other timescales, either for global feedback or for NH and SH sea ice. Notably, however correlations are found for NH snow albedo feedback, against both seasonal and interannual feedbacks. This suggests that NH snow albedo feedback is a ‘special case’, potentially revealing short-term analogues appropriate for close comparison with climate change, with such relationships not holding for other components of the surface albedo feedback.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Behind uncertainties in projections of Australian tropical climate: Analysis of 19 CMIP3 models (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-16
    Description: A systematic study is undertaken for projected changes in tropical Australian climate in 19 CMIP3 Coupled Models for the A2 scenario over the 21st century. While equatorial regions to the north of Australia are projected to have increased precipitation during austral summer (December to February) by the end of the 21st century, there is no significant change over northern Australia based on the model ensemble mean. There is a large spread in model simulations of precipitation change, with both large positive and negative anomalies. The ensemble mean change in the seasonal cycle of precipitation over tropical Australia is small, with precipitation increase during March and April, suggesting a prolonged Australian wet season. There is no model consensus on how interannual variability of tropical Australian precipitation will change in future climate, although more models simulate increased variability than decreased. Correlations between full wet season (October to April) precipitation and austral spring (September to November) NINO3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies show a slight weakening. The spread in projected precipitation seasonal cycle changes between simulations from the same model is larger than the inter-model range, indicating that there is large internal or natural variability in tropical Australian precipitation relative to the climate change signal. Zonal wind changes indicate an intensification of austral summer low level westerlies although combined with a weakening of upper easterlies. Low level westerlies also persist for longer, consistent with a delay in the monsoon retreat. All models simulate an increase in the land-ocean temperature contrast in austral summer, with a significant correlation between changes in land-ocean temperature contrast in the pre-monsoon (austral spring) and summer precipitation changes. Analysis of precipitation changes using regime-sorting techniques shows offsetting tendencies from thermodynamic changes associated with enhanced atmospheric moisture and dynamic changes associated with a weakened atmospheric circulation.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Climate radiative feedbacks and adjustments at the Earth's surface (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: Climate radiative feedbacks are traditionally defined at top of atmosphere (TOA); however, strong radiative feedbacks also occur at the surface, with profound effect on the surface heat budget and hydrological cycle. ‘Rapid responses’ to radiative forcing also occur and may also be expected to affect the surface. This study evaluates surface radiation changes, using a combined PRP-Gregory approach, under abrupt increases in CO 2 in a climate model. We find significant surface rapid radiative response from changes in clouds, relative humidity and latent heat flux. As surface temperature increases, strong water vapour feedback exceeds net cooling from atmospheric and surface temperature changes, resulting in increased surface evaporation. Feedbacks from clouds are smaller, with complex horizontal and vertical structure. Surface longwave feedback structures differ widely from those of the TOA, and are dominated by lower troposphere changes. Lapse rate, cloud and albedo feedbacks are small equatorward of around 50° of latitude, but stronger at high latitudes. The approach here allows precise evaluation of the rich structure of surface radiative feedbacks.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-19
    Description: Global warming caused by an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, is the direct result of greenhouse gas-induced radiative forcing. When a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered, this forcing differed substantially among 15 atmospheric general circulation models. Although there are several potential causes, the largest contributor was the carbon dioxide radiation parameterizations of the models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Zhang, M H -- Potter, G L -- Barker, H W -- Colman, R A -- Dazlich, D A -- Del Genio, A D -- Esch, M -- Fraser, J R -- Galin, V -- Gates, W L -- Hack, J J -- Ingram, W J -- Kiehl, J T -- Lacis, A A -- Le Treut, H -- Li, Z X -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Morcrette, J J -- Randall, D A -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Sokolov, A P -- Sporyshev, P V -- Taylor, K E -- Wang, W C -- Wetherald, R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1252-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the optical properties of an asymmetric Einzel lens using the two-grid method (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1484-1491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method is described by which the optical properties of asymmetric Einzel lenses may be measured. This method uses the technique of grid shadows. For the measurement of cardinal elements as well as spherical aberration coefficients, two independent measurements are required. For chromatic aberration coefficients, measurements are required as a function of lens voltage ratio. No extra lens is required for the measurements. An experiment is described in which the optical properties of an asymmetric lens are measured. Within the errors of the measurement, the technique is demonstrated to produce good agreement with theoretical calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354847
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High velocity ion microprobes and their source requirements (invited) (abstract〉 : Proceedings of the 6th international conference on ion sources (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 909-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: For many years, beams of high velocity ions have been widely used for relatively nondestructive investigation of surfaces or thin films. Many properties may be investigated, associated with the large number of interactions, most of the information obtained being complementary to that from high velocity electron beams or low velocity ion beams. Recently there has been increasing interest in the application of microbeams of these high velocity ions and two streams of activity have emerged—one using traditional techniques and requiring beams of hundreds of picoamps to give spatial resolutions of the order of 1 μm, the other using many new techniques and requiring currents from femtoamps down to single ions to give resolutions of an order of magnitude better. In both cases, the resolution is limited by the low brightness of ion sources commonly used in high energy ion accelerators. These energies commonly are of the order of 3 MeV for very light ions, but there are several developing fields in which much higher energies and heavier ions are of interest. This paper looks at the wide range of information obtainable with these high velocity ion microprobes, the limitations placed on them by their ion optics, the great improvements which would flow in all cases from the development of better ion sources, the best candidates for such sources, and some recent progress. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147231
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the optics of a field ionization ion source for application with a scanning proton microprobe (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 5653-5660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article analyzes a field ionization source for use within a pelletron accelerator which provides the primary beam for a scanning proton microprobe. The charge simulation method is used to calculate the electrostatic field, and ray tracing is used to determine optical properties. Current characteristics are taken from experimental results. Gaussian properties indicate an effective source radius of below 10−3 μm at low angles. Chromatic aberration is calculated by perturbing initial particle energies, then tracing back from field-free trajectories. Calculations indicate that at typical source voltages, the beam is never chromatically limited. Spherical aberration is also calculated and the source is found to be spherically limited above a divergence of approximately 0.1 rad. Finally, calculations indicate that a brightness of 106 A m−2 rad−2 V−1 is achieved by the source producing 150 pA of current at a tip electric field of 25 V/nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143396
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annual mean meridional energy transport modelled by a general circulation model for present and 2 × CO2 equilibrium climates (1994)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 10 (1994), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The meridional energy flux modelled by the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre general circulation model is examined. It is divided into atmospheric and oceanic components, and the resolved atmospheric components in turn into mean and eddy circulations. Comparison with observations shows the modelled total planetary meridional energy transport to be low, but shows better agreement for the resolved atmospheric component alone. The overall patterns of the individual circulation and energy components of the model also agree well, although strengths and locations do show some discrepancies. The doubled CO2 climate change is analyzed in terms of the changes in each of the circulation and energy components. It is found that the changes are the relatively small residual of larger, and generally opposing changes in sensible heat and potential energy fluxes. Despite the general decrease in poleward energy flux, the poleward latent heat flux is found to increase. The reduction in poleward transport is found to be dominated by changes in the mean meridional circulation at low southern latitudes, and changes in both mean circulations and eddy fluxes elsewhere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208989
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