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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; sensory organs ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the sensory receptors located on the labium of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Trichoid hairs of probable mechanoreceptive function are distributed over the labium. Uniporous chemosensilla which possess a mechanoreceptive dendrite, multiporous chemosensilla and mechanoreceptive pegs are present on the tip of the labium. The presence of contact and olfactory chemoreceptors on the labial tip ofP. manihoti suggests that tapping it on the cassava leaf provides the pest with information about the chemical nature of the leaf surface.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pseudococcidae ; Coccinellidae ; antibiosis ; tritrophic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Epidinocarsis lopezi ; parasitoïde ; hyperparasitisme ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; manioc ; lutte biologique ; dynamique des populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A field study of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom. Pseudococcidae) population dynamics, together with that of associated biological agents was made on 4 sample plots in cultivated manioc Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiacée) in two different areas of the Congo. It showed that four years after introduction, the 7 to 16% of parasitism attributable to the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym. Encyrtidae), did not significantly affect pest population dynamics. High levels of hyperparasitism (67% to 100%) to which the parasitoid is itself subject limits its population levels. It is, however, impossible to determine the real effect of hyperparasites on the efficiency of the auxiliary in the biological control of the mealybug.
    Notes: Résumé Une étude au champ de la dynamique des populations de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Matt.-Ferr. (Hom. Pseudococcidae) et des agents biologiques qui lui sont associés a été entreprise dans 4 parcelles de manioc Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiacée) situées dans 2 localités différents du Congo. Elle a essentiellement montré que les 7 à 16% de parasitisme développés par le parasitoïde exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym. Encyrtidae), 4 ans après son introduction, n'affectent pas significativement la dynamique des populations du ravageur. Les taux importants d'hyperparasitisme (67 à 100%) dont le parasitoïde primaire est l'objet limitent la reproduction de ses populations. Toutefois il est difficile de conclure quant à l'impact réel des hyperparasites sur l'efficacité de l'auxiliaire dans la lutte contre la cochenille.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 219-232 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; EPG ; stylet penetration ; sieve elements ; intracellular punctures ; host-plant choice ; allelochemicals ; antixenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement alimentaire de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti) a été étudié par électrographie de pénétration (EPG, analyse en courant continu) et par microscopie optique. Cette étude a permis de confirmer le caractère typiquement phloémophage de l'alimentation de cet Homoptère, présentant une large prédominance du trajet extracellulaire des stylets, comme cela est également observé chez les pucerons. Les similitudes des tracés EPG effectués sur cochenille et sur pucerons ou aleurodes ont permis d'adopter la même typologie du signal. Les principales différences avec les pucerons concernent le nombre moins important et la durée plus longue des ponctions intracellulaires (20 s en moyenne contre 5 à 7 s chez les pucerons), l'allongement du temps d'accès au phloème et une moins grande mobilité des stylets lors de la phase de recherche du phloème. La comparaison du comportement alimentaire sur 6 plantes, parmi lesquelles deux hôtes occasionnels (Talinum et poinsettia), un hybride et trois variétés courantes de manioc (Manihot esculenta), a permis de différencier plusieurs profils de pénétration. Les ponctions intracellulaires se sont révélées plus courtes sur hôtes occasionnels, qui induisent également, malgré la variabilité observée, un allongement net de la période de localisation du phloème et donc un retard à l'ingestion. Aucune des plantes testées ne contient d'alcaloîdes, et les composés cyanés se restreignent au genreManihot, hôte naturel de la cochenille. Les flavonoîdes totaux ne permettent pas de distinguer plantes hôtes et non-hôtes, à la différence des acides phénoliques.
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behaviour of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) was analysed by the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG, DC-system) and by light microscopy. This study confirmed a typical phloem-feeding behaviour with an aphid-like predominance of extracellular pathways of stylets. Similarities of EPGs from mealybugs with those of aphids and whiteflies allowed adoption of standard pattern labelling. The main differences with aphid EPGs consisted of fewer but longer intracellular punctures (pd duration of 20 svs 5–7 s for aphids), longer times to the first phloem-ingestion period and a lower motility of stylets within the phloem searching process. Comparison of the feeding behaviour on 6 plant types, including two occasional hosts (Talinum and poinsettia), one cassava hybrid and three common cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta), allowed differentiation of penetration profiles. Intracellular punctures were shorter on occasional hosts, on which phloem finding and subsequent ingestion were markedly delayed although a great variability within plants persisted. Chemical analysis of some secondary plant substances revealed that none of the plants tested contained detectable amounts of alkaloids, and that cyanides were restricted to true hosts (cassavas andManihot hybrid). Levels of total flavonoids did not differ between hosts and non-hosts, in contrast to those of phenolic acids. Preliminary correlations with EPG paterns are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti/ ; Pseudococcidae ; Apoanagyrus lopezi/ ; Encyrtidae ; Cassava ; antibiosis ; tritrophic levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Apoanagyrus lopezi ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; Pseudococcidae ; tritrophic interaction ; antibiosis ; cassava ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The demographic statistics of Apoanagyrus lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were studied in the laboratory on its host, the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), reared on four host plants characterized by different levels of antibiotic resistance to the mealybug: two cassava varieties, Incoza and Zanaga (Manihot esculenta Crantz: Euphorbiaceae), the faux-caoutchouc (hybrid of M. esculenta × M. glaziovii Muel. Arg.) and Talinum (Talinum triangulare Jack:Portulacaceae). Total and daily mean fecundities of female parasitoids were strongly influenced by the host plant but there was no link with antibiotic resistance. The mean duration of the oviposition period was also significantly modified by the host plant and was again not correlated to the level of antibiotic resistance. Net reproduction rates of female parasitoids were nearly 2 times higher on hosts fed on Zanaga and Talinum than on Incoza and Faux-caoutchouc, and were not related to the total fecundities. The generation time was significantly longer on Faux-caoutchouc than on the other three plants. The intrinsic rate of increase varied significantly with host plants and was higher on Talinum and Zanaga than on Incoza and Faux-caoutchouc. With the varieties of cassava, Incoza and Zanaga, it was observed that antibiosis had a significant negative effect on the survival of A. lopezi, which would influence the effectiveness of the parasitoid.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; Manihot esculenta ; cassava ; antibiosis ; phloem sap ; honeydew ; plant phenolics ; rutin ; cyanogenic glucosides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail présente l'identification et le dosage des substances secondaires (composés cyanés et phénoliques) présentes dans la sève phloémienne du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphabiaceae) et dans le miellat de la cochenille farineusePhenacoccus manihoti Matt. Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Des glycosides cyanogéniques et trois flavonoïdes glycosylés majeurs (rutine, kaempferol glycoside-1 et kaempferol glycoside-2) sont transportés par la sève phloémienne du manioc et consommés par la cochenille. Le profil sensiblement différent des composés secondaires du meillat de la cochenille, en particulier l'apparition d'un flavonoide libre et de cyanure, suggère une modification de certains composés lors du transit intestinal. La relation entre les teneurs de ces différentes substances dans le liquide foliaire de 7 variétés de manioc et du ‘faux-caoutchouc’ (hybride deM. esculenta et deM. glaziovii) et l'expression de leur résistance antibiotique vis-à-vis deP. manihoti a également été étudiée. L'infestation par la cochenille se traduit par une importante augmentation des teneurs en rutine et en kaempferol glycoside-2, alors qu'aucune modification des teneurs en cyanure libre n'est enregistrée. La meilleure corrélation entre la résistance par antibiose, exprimée par la capacité intrinsèque d'accroissement r c , et les teneurs en substances secondaires analysées est observée avec les teneurs en rutine des plants infestés (ρ=−0.73; p=0.05). L'association éventuelle de ce glycoside aux mécanismes biochimiques de défense du manioc à la cochenille farineuse est discutée.
    Notes: Abstract Identification and assay of cyanogenic and phenolic compounds in phloem sap of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) and in honeydew of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti Matt. Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) were realised. Cyanogenic glucosides and three flavonoid glycosides (rutin, kaempferol glycoside-1 and kaempferol glycoside-2) were found to be translocated in cassava phloem sap and consumed by the mealygug. Differences in profiles of secondary compounds of phloem sap and honeydew samples, characterised mainly by the appearance of free cyanide and of a free flavonoid, suggest the metabolic processing of at least some of the ingested compounds. The relationship between foliar concentrations of these different compounds and expression of the antibiotic resistance of cassava towardsP. manihoti was also investigated in 7 varieties of cassava and in the ‘faux-caoutchouc’ hybrid. Infestation by mealybug was followed by a clear increase in levels of both rutin and kaempferol glycoside-2, while no modification in cyanide contents was noted. The best rank correlation between antibiotic resistance (measured by the intrinsic rate of increase r c ) and secondary compounds analyzed is observed with rutin contents of infested plants (ρ=−0.73; p=0.05). The possible implication of this compound in the biochemical mechanisms accompanying cassava defence reaction to mealybug attack is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Apoanagyrus lopezi ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; cassava ; resistance ; tritrophic interaction ; behaviour ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti ; Pseudococcidae ; resistance ; amino acid ; sugar ; cassava ; leaf extract ; antibiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The levels of sugars and amino acids were determined in leaf extracts from a number of plants showing different levels of resistance to the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). There were five varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta), as well as a hybrid obtained by crossingM. esculenta andM. glaziovii, poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrina) and talinum (Talinum triangularae). The variability in the total concentration of amino acid concentrations was as great between varieties of cassava as at the species level. In contrast, there was much less variability in the concentration of sugars at the intervarietal that at the interspecies level. While there were both intervarietal and interspecific differences in the amino acid composition, glutamic acid, glutamine, ethanolamine and alanine represented nearly 50% of the total in all plants examined. Aspartic acid, asparagine and serine accounted for approximately 20%, while tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine are present at low levels. The different levels of resistance noted in the different plants were not associated with the concentrations of either amino acids or sugars, the ratios of sugar/amino concentrations or the amino acid compositions obtained from leaf extracts. This suggests that other aspects of plant chemistry confer resistance to cassava mealybugs.
    Notes: Résumé L'analyse (acides aminés et sucres) d'extrait de feuille, de 5 variétés de manioc (Manihot esculenta), du Faux caoutchouc (Hybride deM. esculenta x M.glaziovii), du Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrina) et du Talinum (Talinum triangularae), caractérisés par différents degrés de résistance par antibiose à la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti (Mat. Ferr.)) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), a été réalisée sur des extraits obtenus par centrifugation du matériel foliaire. Les teneurs en acids aminés, très différentes d'une plante à l'autre, apparaissent aussi importantes entre les variétés de l'espèce manioc qu'entre les différentes espèces végétales avec respectivement un rapport de variation de 4,5 et 5,5. De même, les teneurs en sucres (exprimées en équivalent saccharose), sont très différentes d'une plante à l'autre avec un rapport de variation de 1 à 33 entre les deux extrêmes, si l'on ne considère que l'espèceM. esculenta, il n'est plus que de 3,5. Des différences dans les proportions relatives des acids aminés libres d'extrait de feuille sont observées aussi bien entre les variétés de manioc qu'entre les espèces végétales. Cependant pour toutes les plantes étudiées l'acide glutamique, la glutamine, l'ethanolamine, et l'alanine représentent près de 50% des acides aminés de l'extrait de feuille; l'acide aspertique, l'asparagine et la sérine près de 20% tandis que la tyrosine, la méthionine, l'isoleucine, la leucine et la lysine sont présents en très faibles pourcentages. Le degré de résistance à la cochenille du manioc des différentes plantes-hôtes n'a pu être relié, ni à la teneur de leur extrait de feuille en acides aminés et en sucres, ni à leur composition relative en acides aminés. Il n'a pu être non plus relié au rapport Sucres/Acides aminés Nos résultats suggèrent que des caractéristiques biochimiques autres que celles étudiées dans ce travail interviennent dans les mécanismes de résistance vis-à-vis de la cochenille du manioc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apoanagyrus lopezi ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; cassava ; biological control ; resistance ; olfactometer ; herbivore-induced synomones ; volatile chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis is an endoparasitoid used in the biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in Africa. The response of naive and mated females of A. lopezi to odors from cassava plant (var. Zanaga), parasitized or unparasitized mealybugs, and plant–mealybug host complexes with or without feeding hosts was investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. Dual-choice tests revealed that mealybug-infested plants and mealybug-damaged plants were the major sources of volatiles that attract female parasitoids to the microhabitat of its hosts. The emission of volatile chemicals appears not to be limited to the infested plant part but to occur systemically throughout the plant. On their own, unparasitized mealybugs were more attractive than uninfested plants or parasitized mealybugs alone. Parasitization of P. manihoti by A. lopezi decreased the response of parasitoids to mealybugs or mealybug–plant complexes. Plants infested with unparasitized hosts attracted more female parasitoids than plants infested with parasitized mealybugs. These results indicate that, in the long-range host-searching process, females of A. lopezi respond mainly to mealybug-induced synomones, and specific host-derived cues play a minor role.
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