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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 9 (1983), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The efficiency of polyolefine melt stabilizer 2, 2′-thiobis-(4,6-di-tert.butylphenol) (I) as a hydroperoxide decomposing antioxidant was studied under model conditions.tert.Butylhydroperoxide was used to simulate the reaction with polypropylene hydroperoxide. The reaction was performed at 85°C in chlorobenzene solution. Decomposition of tert.butylhydroperoxide by I and formation of the sulphoxide II and the sulphone III from sulphide I were followed quantitatively. Formation of small amounts of effective peroxidolytic species from II or III, responsible for acceleration of hydroperoxide decomposition was considered.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Im Zusammenhang mit dem Studium des Wirkungsmechanismus von industriell hergestellten Antidegradantien vom Typus der N-Phenyl-N′-sek-alkyl-1,Cphenylendiamine wurde die Reaktion von N-Phenyl-1,4-benzochinonimin (I) und 4-Hydroxydiphenylamin (II) mit dem Kohlenstoff-Radikal 1-Cyano-l-methylethyl (R·) studiert. Das Gemisch von I und II reagiert mit R· sehr leicht unter Bildung der Verbindungen III, VI und VIII. I allein reagiert wesentlich langsamer, und das Reaktionsgemisch enthält mehrere Produkte. Neben der Verbindung III wurden auch die Verbindungen IV und VII identifiziert. II allein reagiert bei denselben Bedingungen nicht. Die Verbindung IV bildet die zwei isomeren Strukturen syn und anti. Die Verbindung VIII ist ziemlich unbeständig; aus ihren Umwandlungsprodukten wurde XI isoliert. Bei der Reduktion von IV entsteht die Verbindung V, die ähnlich wie VIII unbeständig ist.
    Notes: The reaction of N-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinoneimine (I)Decoding of abbreviations see p. 103/104. and 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (II) with the carbon centred 1-cyano-1-methylethyl radical (R·) was studied in connection with an investigation of the action mechanism of industrial antidegradants, such as N-phenyl-N′-sec-alkyl-1,4-phenylenediamines. The mixture of I and II reacts very readily with R·, giving rise to III, VI, and VIII. I alone reacts much slowlier, and the reaction mixture contains more products. IV and VII were identified along with III. Under the conditions used, II alone does not react at all. IV exists in two isomeric forms, syn and anti. VIII is very labile; XI was isolated from its transformation products. Reduction of IV gives V, which is labile, similarly to VIII.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Im Zusammenhang mit Arbeiten über den Wirkungsmechanismus von Antioxidantien in Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren unter Sauerstoffmangel wurde die Abfangreaktion des Modellradikals 1-Cyano-1-methylethyl (R°) mit N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylendiamin (Ia) und seinem Oxidationsprodukt IIa untersucht. Reines Ia und IIa reagieren kaum mit R′, eine Mischung aus beiden ist jedoch ein effektiver Fänger fur R′, wobei R′ entweder am Stickstoffatom zwischen den aromatischen Ringen unter Bildung von VIa gebunden wird, oder unter Substitution mit dem Phenylenring reagiert, wobei VIIIa entsteht. Verbindung VIa ist labil, bei Vulkanisationstemperatur spaltet sie im neutralen Medium Olefin unter Regenerierung von Ia ab. In Gegenwart von Säuren lauft diese Reaktion auch bei niedrigerer Temperatur ab. Im Produkt VIIIa ist R′ fest gebunden, durch die Nitrilgruppe tritt jedoch eine säurekatalysierte Cyclisierung zum Indolinderivat X ein. Die Bildung von VIIIa ist ein Modell für die Entstehung einer „nichtextrahierbaren Fraktion“ des Antioxidants Ia bei der Stabilisierung von Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren.
    Notes: In connection with the investigation of the mechanism of antioxidant action of antidegradants in hydrocarbon polymers under the conditions of a relative deficiency of oxygen, scavenging of a model alkyl (1-cyano-1-methylethyl,R°) was studied with Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (Ia)For abbreviations see p. 11. and its oxidation product, i.e. Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine (IIa). While pure Ia and IIa do not react with the radical R° almost at all, their mixture is able to scavenge R° effectively. The reaction is further accelerated with acids. The alkyl R° combines with the antidegradant molecule in two ways, one of which leads to the substitution at the nitrogen atom between the aromatic rings, giving rise to VIa, while the other consists in the substitution of phenylene, leading to VIIIa. The product VIa is labile, and at vulcanization temperatures it readily splits off olefin in a neutral medium, being regenerated to Ia. In the presence of acids this reaction proceeds even at lower temperatures. In the other product, i.e. in VIIIa, the alkyl R° is bound firmly, but due to the presence of the nitrile group, VIIIa is readily cyclized by the effect of acids, and an indoline derivative X is formed. The formation of VIIIa is a model of the formation of an “unextractable fraction” of antidegradant Ia in the stabilization of hydrocarbon polymers. Investigations based on the isolation of reaction products bear at the same time evidence of the possibility of regeneration of an effective antioxidant in the stabilized substrate.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Principal chemical pathways characteristic of active participation of radical scavenging polymer stabilizers (phenols, aromatic, hydroaromatic and hindered aliphatic amines) are outlined. Pathways resulting in a partial depletion or distortion of activity of stabilizers, in formation of polymer discolouring products, or in interactions in bifunctional stabilizers are involved.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Antioxidants acting in polymers by chain-breaking and hydroperoxide decomposing mechanisms are chemically transformed during the stabilization process as a consequence of trapping radicals R•, RO• or RO•2 and/or reactivity with hydroperoxides. New chemical compounds with typical structures characteristic of the starting stabilizer are formed stepwise in the polymer mass. Most of these transformation products participate actively in consecutive steps of polymer degradation. Finally observed phenomena depend on the concentration of individual transformation products. Generally, autocooperative effects with starting stabilizers take place. Important data regarding properties of transformation products have been summarized.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Wirkungsmechanismus des Antioxidans N,N′-Diphenyl-1,4-phenylendiamin (I, DPPD) wurde bei Modellbedingungen untersucht. Die Verbindung I reagiert nach der Oxidation zum Semichinonradikal VIII oder Wursters Kation IX mit 1-Cyano-1-methylethyl (Modellradikal) auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen, und die Reaktion wird durch schwache Säuren beschleunigt. Eine Reaktionsweise führt zur Bindung von Alkyl an Stickstoff unter Bildung von Verbindung III. Diese Verbindung ist unbeständig und, besonders in Gegenwart von Säuren, spaltet leicht Olefin unter Regeneration von DPPD ab. Dieses Verhalten ist ein Modell des Regenerationsmechanismus beim Stabilisierungseffekt von DPPD. Bei diesem Mechanismus werden Alkylperoxy- und Alkylradikale, wührend der Alterung der Kohlenwasserstoffsubstrate unter der Bedingung von relativem Sauerstoffmangel durch DPPD und seinem Oxidationsprodukt (VIII oder IX) desaktiviert. Der zweite Weg führt zur Bindung von Alkyl an den Benzolring unter Bildung von den Verbindungen IV und V. Er stellt so ein Modell für die Bindung von DPPD in die Polymerkette oder auch bei der Vernetzung der Polymerkette während der Alterung des mit DPPD stabilisierten Polymeren dar. Die Verbindung IV unterliegt wegen der Anwesenheit einer Nitrilgruppe noch anderen Veränderungen, bei denen die Verbindungen VI und VII entstehen.
    Notes: The mechanism of action of an antioxidant, N,N′-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene diamine (I, DPPD)Decoding of abbreviations see p. 48., was investigated under model conditions. After oxidation to a semiquinone radical, phenyl (4-phenylamino phenyl)aminyl (VIII), or to Wurster's cation phenyl (4-phenylamino phenyl)ammoniumyl (IX), I reacts with 1-cyano-1-methylethyl (model alkyl) by two routes, both of which are accelerated by weak acids. One of these routes results in alkyl being bound to nitrogen with formation of N,N′-diphenyl N-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)1,4-phenylene diamine (III). The latter compound is labile, and particularly in the presence of acids readily splits off olefin with regeneration of DPPD. This behaviour is a model of the regeneration mechanism of the stabilizing effect of DPPD, which alternately with its oxidation product (VIII or IX) deactivates the alkylperoxyl and alkyl radicals during the ageing of hydrocarbon substrates under conditions of the relative deficiency of oxygen. The other route leads to binding of the alkyl in the benzene ring with formation of N,N′-diphenyl 2-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl) 1,4-phenylene diamine (IV) and N,N′-diphenyl 2-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl) 1,4-benzoquinone diimine (V), thus modelling the binding of DPPD in the polymer chain, and even the crosslinking of the chain during the ageing of a polymer inhibited with DPPD. Due to the presence of the nitrile group, IV undergoes some further changes, which give rise to the formation of 3,3-dimethyl 2-imino-1-phenyl 5-phenylamino indoline (VI) and 2-acetylimino 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl 5-phenylamino indoline (VII).
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Quinone imines are formed from aromatic amine antidegradants as a consequence of chemical transformations of the latter during the stabilization of hydrocarbon polymers. Quinone imines are deep coloured compounds and contribute to the antidegradant activity of the parent amines. The main interest is devoted to benzoquinone diimines (BQDI), generated from N,N '-disubstituted 1,4-phenylenediamines (PD). BQDI are antioxidants in unsaturated hydrocarbons, undergo hydrolytic deamination, addition and cyclization reactions, react with 2,6-dialkylphenols, thiols and C-centered radicals. PD are regenerated from BQDI in redox reactions. The active role of BQDI in antifatigue processes in rubbers has been explained using product analysis. BQDI account for staining and discoloring properties of PD but are not harmful to the polymer stability.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This lecture summarizes some recent results and ideas about interrelations between degradation and mechanical behaviour of polyolefins. Aspects of the heterogeneous nature of oxidative degradation in the solid state, the feedback mechanism in degradation, effects of morphology, particularly orientation, on the degradation process, and the influence of degradation on plasticity and on the ultimate mechanical behaviour are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die oxidative Alterung von Polyolefinen wird durch Ruß, Chezacarb EC, als Füllstoff beschleunigt. Die Bedingungen für die Auswahl von geeigneten kettenabbrechenden Antioxidantien wurden mittels Cyclohexen, das mit verschiedenen Mengen von Ruß versetzt und bei 60°C oxidiert wurde, simuliert. Die Resultate zeigen eine Beschleunigung der Oxidation des Cyclohexens in der Phase nach der Induktionsperiode (IP). Die Oxidationsbeschleunigung ist dem katalytischen Effekt von Kupfer(0)-Pulver oder Kupfer(II)-Ionen ähnlich. Mehrkernige phenolische Antioxidantien können Cyclohexen für einen langeren Zeitabschnitt als 120 h nur in Anwesenheit von kleinen Mengen Chezacarb (bis 0,5 Gew.-%) stabilisieren. Nur eine Verlängerung der IP wurde bei höheren Konzentrationen von Ruß beobachtet. Arylendiamine stabilisieren wirksam nur in Anwesenheit von einer höheren Konzentration (10 Gew.-%) von Chezacarb. Keiner der benutzten kettenabbrechenden Antioxidantien ist in der Lage, die Geschwindigkeit der Cyclohexenoxidation in der Phase nach der IP zu vermindern.
    Notes: The ageing of polyolefins is accelerated by carbon black Chezacarb EC used as a filler. Conditions for selection of suitable chain-breaking antioxidants protecting against degradation were simulated using cyclohexene doped with various amounts of carbon black and oxidized at 60°C. The results obtained reveal an acceleration of cyclohexene oxidation in the phase following the induction period (IP). The oxidation acceleration is similar to the effect caused by powdered copper(0) or copper(II) ions. Polynuclear phenolic antioxidants are able to stabilize cyclohexene for periods longer than 120 h only in the presence of low amounts of Chezacarb (up to 0.5 wt.-%). At higher Chezacarb concentrations, merely a prolongation of IP may be achieved. Arylene diamines are efficient stabilizers only if combined with a high concentration of Chezacarb (10 wt.-%). None of the chain-breaking antioxidants used was able to diminish the oxidation rate of cyclohexene in the phase after IP.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In verschiedenen Proben des zum Ozonschutz eingesetzten N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylendiamins (IPPD, Ib) wurde eine typische, intensiv gefärbte Verunreinigung gefunden (IIb), deren Struktur bestimmt wurde. Dieselbe Verbindung IIb wurde durch sauer katalysierte Reaktion von 4-Aminodiphenylamin (IV) mit N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzochinondiimin (IIIb) hergestellt. Auf dem gleichen Wege entsteht IIb auch im technischen IPPD sowohl beim Produktionsprozeß als auch bei der Lagerung.Bei der Autoxidation von Squalen als Kautschukmodell erwies sich IIb als wirksames Antioxidans, wobei durch die gleichzeitige Anwesenheit von IPPD kein antagonistischer Effekt ausgelöst wird. IIa, das als analoge Verunreinigung in HPPD (Ia) auftritt, hat eine ähnliche Wirkung als Antioxidans wie IIb. Im Hinblick auf diese Wirkung als Antioxidans hat die Anwesenheit der Verunreinigungen IIa und IIb in den technischen Produkten HPPD und IPPD keine Nachteile.
    Notes: In various samples of the industrially used antiozonant N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD, Ib), a typical, intensively coloured impurity was detected, and its structure was determined (IIb). The same compound IIb was prepared independently by an acid catalyzed reaction of 4-aminodiphenylamine (IV) with N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine (IIIb). IIb is formed by the same route also in technical IPPD, both in the production process and during storage. In the autoxidation of squalene (rubber model) IIb behaves as an effective antioxidant. The simultaneous presence of IPPD does not produce any antagonistic effect. IIa, which is an analogous impurity of technical N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylene-diamine (HPPD, Ia), behaves as an antioxidant similar to IIb. Thus, with respect to the antioxidant effect, the presence of impurities IIa or IIb in technical HPPD or IPPD does not matter.
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