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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 123 (1990), S. 1899-1904 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: α,p-Dimer ; Radical, 2,2-dimethyl-1-(1-naphthyl)propyl ; Calculations, MMPI ; Stability, thermal ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure and Reactivity of the α,p-Dimer from 2,2-Dimethyl-1-(1-naphthyl)propyl RadicalsThe title compound 2 formed by recombination of two 2,2-dimethyl-1-(1-naphthyl)propyl radicals 1, is the first isolated α,p-dimer from secondary benzyl radicals. 2 is obtained in crystalline form, its structure is determined by X-ray analysis and compared with the results obtained by MMPI calculations. 2 exhibits unusual reactivity in the presence of acid. Its thermal stability is much higher than that experienced with comparable α,p-dimers of tertiary benzyl radicals.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A number of secondary azoalkanes 1, R1R2CH-N=N-CHR1R2, R1=t-C4H9, R2=aryl (meso- and D,L-1a-i) and R2=cyclo-C6H11 (D,L-1k), have been synthesized by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding ketazines. The configuration of 1 was elucidated by photolysis of crystalline samples of 1, which yielded the dimers 6 with retention of configuration. The kinetics of thermal fragmentation of 1a-k and of 1n (R1=CH3, R2=C6H5) into the radicals 7 was followed by DSC. The activation parameters were determined by fitting theoretical curves to the experimental data with the help of a computer program. - The rate of decomposition of 1 with R1, R2=alkyl is sterically accelerated by increasing size of the substituents (back strain), but the fragmentation of 1a-i(R2=aryl) is sterically inhibited, e.g. k [1a(R2=C6H5, R1=t-C4H9)]/k[1n (R2=C6H5, R1=CH3)]=10-2. The strain enthalpies Hs of 1 and 7 were calculated by the force field method. The results show that both steric effects are a result of the change in strain during the reaction [Ds=2 Hs(7) - Hs(1)]. A fraction of 0.5-0.6 of Ds contributes to ΔG≢ (150°C), thus effecting the rate of the reaction. The large positiv value of Ds for R2=aryl e.g. Ds (1a)=7.8 kcal/mol, results from a strong repulsion between R1 and R2 in 7 due to the coplanar arrangement of the aryl ring with the radical center. - The resonance effect on the rate of thermolysis has a similar magnitude for R2=phenyl, p-X-C6(X=Cl, OCH3, t-C4H9, C6H5) and 2-naphthyl, but is considerable stronger for R2=1-naphthyl. The measured effect corresponds to a resonance stabilisation of 1-naphthylmethyl radicals by additional 4.5 kcal/mol, compared to benzyl radicals.
    Notes: Eine Reihe sekundärer Azoalkane 1, R1R2CH-N=N-CHR1R2, R1=t-C4H9, R2=Aryl (meso- und D,L-1a-i) und R2=cyclo-C6H11 (D,L-1k), wurde synthetisiert, vorzugsweise durch partielle katalytische Hydrierung von Ketazinen. Die Konfiguration von 1 wurde ermittelt durch photochemische Umwandlung kristalliner Proben von 1 in 6, die bevorzugt unter Retention verlief. Die Kinetik der thermischen Fragmentierung von 1a-k und 1n (R1=CH3, R2=C6H5) in Radikale 7 wurde mit DSC verfolgt. Die Aktivierungsdaten wurden durch rechnerische Anpassung theoretischer Kurven an die Meßdaten ermittelt. - Der Zerfall von 1 mit R1, R2=Alkyl wird mit zunehmender Größe der Substituenten schneller (“back strain”); die Fragmentierung von 1a-i mit R2=Aryl wird dagegen sterisch behindert, z. B. k[1a(R2=C6H5, R1=t-C4H9)]/k[1n (R2=C6H5, R1=CH3)]=10-2. Kraftfeldrechnungen erklären beide Effekte mit der änderung der Spannungsenthalpie Hs im Reaktionsverlauf [Ds=2Hs (7) - Hs (1)]. Ein Anteil von 0.5-0.6 von Ds wird kinetisch wirksam als Beitrag zu ΔG≢ (150°C). Die Ursache der sterischen Behinderung [z. B. Ds (1a)=7.8 kcal/mol], die Spannung in den 1-Arylneopentyl-Radikalen, folgt aus der koplanaren Anordnung von Arylring und Radikalzentrum in 7, in der optimale Spindelokalisation mit einer starken Repulsion zwischen R1 und R2 erkauft wird. - Die Beschleunigung der Thermolyse infolge der Resonanzstabilisierung erwies sich als ähnlich bei 1 mit R2=Phenyl, p-X-C6H4(X=Cl, OCH3, t-C4H9, C6H5) und 2-Naphthyl und stärker bei 1 mit R2=1-Naphthyl. 1-Naphthylmethyl-Radikale erfahren danach eine um 4.5 kcal/mol größere Resonanzstabilisierung als Benzyl.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bond formation, C - C, stereoselectivity of ; Bond cleavage, C - C, kinetics of ; Calculations, force field ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, 31. - Stereoselective Formation and Cleavage of the Dimers of the 1-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)neopentyl RadicalThe 1,2-diaryl-1,2-di-tert-butylethanes meso- and DL-6 are synthesised by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the parent dinaphthylethanes 5. The crystal structure of meso-6 was obtained experimentally and calculated by molecular mechanics methods (MM2). It is shown, that 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)neopentyl radical 8 forms its dimers 6 with high stereoselectivity, e.g. DL-6: meso-6 = 45 (at -20°C) and 7.07 (at 100°C). The selectivity was measured over a range of 300 K by using several radical precursors. The difference of the enthalpy of activation has been derived for the two dimerisation reactions: δH†dim(DL - meso) = -2.8 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. The cleavage of DL-6 and of meso-6 into 8 was measured kinetically, and the enthalpies of activation δH†dis = 46.2 ± 0.6 (DL-6) and 52.6 ± 1.3 kcal/mol (meso-6) and the entropies of activation δ†dis = 8.4 ± 0.6 (DL-6) and 20.0 ± 2.5 e.u. (meso-6) have been obtained. A complete thermodynamic cycle is constructed by using the calculated (MM2) heats of formation δH°f = -27.6 (DL-6) and -30.0 kcal/mol (meso-6). Thus, the diastereomer (DL-6), which is formed preferentially, appears to be the thermodynamically and kinetically less stable one. It turns out, that the high stereoselectivity of the dimerisation of 8, compared to the parent 1-phenyl-neopentyl radical (2a), is mainly caused by the steric repulsions between the approaching radicals.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1027-1031 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Intramolekulare Reaktionen von 1,5-Diaryl-1,5-pentadiyl-RadikalenDie 2,6-Diarylcyclohexanone 1a-d wurden photolysiert und dabei 1,2-Diarylcyclopentane 4 und 1,5-Diaryl-1-pentene 5 als Produkte der intermediären 1,5-Diaryl-1,5-pentadiyle 3 erhalten. Die beiden Stereoisomeren cis- und trans-4 entstanden in gleichen Ausbeuten. Demnach besteht ein 1:1-Gleichgewicht zwischen den beiden Konformeren von 3, aus denen cis- bzw. trans-4 entsteht, und auch die Knüpfung der Bindung erfolgt ohne Stereoselektivität. Das Produktverhältnis 4:5 (Kombination/Disproportionierung) ist dagegen abhängig von den Substituenten. Diese Regioselektivität wird zudem stark durch das Lösungsmittel und die Temperatur beeinflußt.
    Notes: Photochemical decomposition of 2,6-diarylcyclohexanones 1a-d yields 1,2-diarylcyclopentanes 4 and 1,5-diaryl-1-pentenes 5 by intramolecular reaction of the intermediate 1,5-diaryl-1,5-pentadiyls 3. The two stereoisomers cis-4 and trans-4 are formed in equal amounts. There hence exists a 1:1 equilibrium between the two conformers of 3 which lead to cis- and trans-4, respectively; the intramolecular combination step itself is not stereoselective. However, the product ratios of 4:5, i. e. combination: disproportionation, depend on the substituents. This regioselectivity is strongly affected by solvent and temperature.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Bond cleavage, C—C, kinetics of ; Radicals, stability of ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of the α-substituted radicals 7-9 with the 4-pyridyl (7), 1-naphthyl (8), and the 2-naphthyl (9) substituent by thermolysis of their dimers 1-3 in solution was investigated. The activation parameters of the homolysis of the central CC bond were obtained from kinetic measurements of the thermal cleavage of 1-3 in the presence of radical scavengers. These data were compared with those obtained from the thermolysis of alkanes which cleave into α-alkyl branched radicals, and which lose the same amount of strain during the dissociation. The „strain-free“ radical stabilization enthalpies of the α-substituted radicals [RSE = 7.9 ± 1.8 (7), 12.0 ± 1.4 (8), and 8.7 ± 1.9 kcal/mol (9)] were obtained in this way.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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