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  • 1
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    Seifenbergbau (2018)
    In:  Mittelalterlicher Bergbau und Umwelt im Erzgebirge. Eine interdisziplinäre Untersuchung | Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie Sachsen | ArchaeoMontan
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 2
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    Die Glasproduktion als konkurrierendes und komplementäres Gewerbe des Bergbaus (2018)
    In:  Mittelalterlicher Bergbau und Umwelt im Erzgebirge. Eine interdisziplinäre Untersuchung | Veröffentlichungen des Landesamts für Archäologie Sachsen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Quartz mining and glass production at Ullersdorf (OH-12): The site of Ullersdorf (Figs. 87; 89) has been prominently introduced into the literature for two key aspects. First, it may represent one of the earliest rural villages in the upper Erzgebirge dating back to the 13th century based on the toponym and early ceramics. Second, it provides evidence for glass production as a technology highly dependent on constant wood supply for fuel and potash production and therefore often operating in the periphery of settled area. Our reassessment includes a high-resolution onsite pollen profile, sedimentological and micromorphological studies on colluvial layers and anthracological analyses from charcoal kilns. Based on the age-depth model of the pollen sequence (Figs. 92; 94), first isolated settlement indicators appear in layers dating to the Roman Iron age and clearly derive from long-distance transport by wind from the foreland of the Erzgebirge. This observation is in good accordance to another well-dated profile from the nearby Georgenfelder Hochmoor (Fig. 94) and the onset of alluvial sedimentation at Scharfenberg as indicator of increasing land-use intensity. Unequivocal pollen evidence of local clearance, regional settlement activities and constant charcoal influx appear at Ullersdorf from the 15th century onwards and are in accordance with 14C-ages obtained from nearby charcoal kilns (Fig. 91). Moreover, most colluvial and alluvial sediments postdate the 15th century (Fig 96). This conflicts with evidence for glass production during the 14th century based on the ceramic assemblage downslope the glass kilns (Fig. 99). An early date is also supported by a 14C age of 1292–1395 cal AD (Fig. 98) from charred material below a mining heap beside a shaft used for quarrying quartz as raw material for glass. Altogether, the contribution of glass smelting to deforestation and soil erosion seems to be overestimated compared to the effects by the continuous later use for charcoal production.
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  • 3
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    Evidence for Bronze Age and Medieval tin placer mining in the Erzgebirge mountains, Saxony (Germany) (2020)
    In:  Geoarchaeology
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: Tin is an essential raw material both for the copper–tin alloys developed during the Early Bronze Age and for the casting of tableware in the Medieval period. Secondary geological deposits in the form of placers (cassiterite) provide easily accessible sources but have often been reworked several times during land‐use history. In fact, evidence for the earliest phase of tin mining during the Bronze Age has not yet been confirmed for any area in Europe, stimulating an ongoing debate on this issue. For this study, a broad range of methods (sedimentology, pedology, palynology, anthracology, OSL/14C‐dating, and micromorphology) was applied both within the extraction zone of placer mining and the downstream alluvial sediments at Schellerhau site in the upper eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). The results indicate that the earliest local removal of topsoil and processing of cassiterite‐bearing weathered granite occurred already in the early second millennium BC, thus coinciding with the early and middle Bronze Age period. Placer mining resumed in this area during the Medieval period, probably as early as the 13th century AD. A peak of alluvial sedimentation during the mid‐15th century AD is probably related to the acquisition of this region by the Elector of Saxony and the subsequent promotion of mining.
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Cut and covered: Subfossil trees in buried soils reflect medieval forest composition and exploitation of the central European uplands. (2020)
    In:  Geoarchaeology
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: Knowledge of historic changes in vegetation, relief, and soil is key in understanding how the uplands in central Europe have changed during the last millennium, being an essential requirement for measures on forest conversion and nature conservation in that area. Evidence of forest‐clearing horizons from the medieval period could be systematically documented at four low‐ to mid‐altitudinal sites (360–640 meters above mean sea level) in the Harz (Harz Mountains), Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains), and Českomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian‐Moravian Highlands). Subfossil trees with traces of human cutmarks and burning were recovered from buried wet‐organic soils (paleosols) within a context of mining and settlement archaeology, applying a multiproxy‐approach by using data from archaeology, paleobotany, geochronology, dendrochronology, and pedology. Tree stumps and trunks, as well as small‐scale wood remains represent an in situ record of local conifer stands (spruce, fir, and pine). Some deciduous tree taxa also occur. Dating of the tree remains yielded ages from the 10th/11th to the 13th/14th centuries A.D. After deforestation, the tree remains were buried by technogenic and alluvial–colluvial deposits. The reconstructed conifer‐dominated woodlands on wet soils mirror the local vegetation structure immediately before the medieval deforestation. As such wet sites are common in the uplands, conifers were significantly present in the natural vegetation even at mid and lower altitudes.
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  • 5
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    Colluvial sediments originating from past land-use activities in the Erzgebirge Mountains, Central Europe: occurrence, properties, and historic environmental implications (2021)
    In:  Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-24
    Description: Colluvial sediments originating from soil erosion on slopes have proven to constitute significant evidence for tracing past human impact on mountain landscapes. In the Central European Erzgebirge (Ore) Mountains, colluvial sediments are associated with specific landforms (footslopes, slope flattenings, dells) and cover a share of 11% (11,905 ha) of the regional soil landscape. Thirteen pedosedimentary sections with colluvial layers were investigated at five forested sites (520–730 m a.s.l.) within a context of mining archaeology, integrating data from pedology, archaeology, palaeobotany, and geochronology. The thickness of the gravel-bearing loamy, silty, and sandy colluvial layers is up to 70 cm, which are mostly located on top of the sections. The geochronological ages and archaeological data reveal a high to late medieval to post-medieval age of the colluvial sediments. Pollen data show a drastic decline of the mountain forests in the late twelfth to fifteenth centuries AD accompanied by an increase of pioneer trees and spruce at the expense of fir and beech. The primary cause of soil erosion and subsequent colluvial deposition at the sites investigated is medieval to post-medieval mining and other early industrial activities. A compilation of 395 radiocarbon and OSL ages, obtained from colluvial sediments at 197 upland sites in Central Europe, shows that anthropogenically initiated colluvial dynamics go as far back as the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age. Most ages derive from the medieval to post-medieval period, corresponding to the general intensification of settlement and land-use activities including deforestation and widespread ore mining.
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  • 6
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    Past human impact in a mountain forest: geoarchaeology of a medieval glass production and charcoal hearth site in the Erzgebirge, Germany (2020)
    In:  Regional Environmental Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-11
    Description: Since the twelfth century, forest areas in the upper reaches of the low mountain ranges of central Europe provided an important source of wood and charcoal especially for mining and smelting as well as glass production. In this case study from a site in the upper Erzgebirge region (Ore Mountains), results from archeological, geophysical, pedo-sedimentological, geochemical, anthracological, and palynological analyses have been closely linked to allow for a diachronic reconstruction of changing land use and varying intensities of human impact with a special focus on the fourteenth to the twentieth century. While human presence during the thirteenth century can only be assumed from archeological material, the establishment of glass kilns together with quartz mining shafts during the fourteenth century has left behind more prominent traces in the landscape. However, although glass production is generally assumed to have caused intensive deforestation, the impact on this site appears rather weak compared to the sixteenth century onwards,when charcoal production, probably associated with emerging mining activities in the region, became important. Local deforestation and soil erosion has been associated mainly with this later phase of charcoal production and may indicate that the human impact of glass production is sometimes overestimated.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia (2013)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-18
    Description: Article The structure of the human gut microbiota has been shown to vary between populations. Tyakht et al. analyse the gut microbiota assembly from Russian individuals living in urban and rural areas, and compare these with previously studied populations. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms3469 Authors: Alexander V. Tyakht, Elena S. Kostryukova, Anna S. Popenko, Maxim S. Belenikin, Alexander V. Pavlenko, Andrey K. Larin, Irina Y. Karpova, Oksana V. Selezneva, Tatyana A. Semashko, Elena A. Ospanova, Vladislav V. Babenko, Igor V. Maev, Sergey V. Cheremushkin, Yuriy A. Kucheryavyy, Petr L. Shcherbakov, Vladimir B. Grinevich, Oleg I. Efimov, Evgenii I. Sas, Rustam A. Abdulkhakov, Sayar R. Abdulkhakov, Elena A. Lyalyukova, Maria A. Livzan, Valentin V. Vlassov, Renad Z. Sagdeev, Vladislav V. Tsukanov, Marina F. Osipenko, Irina V. Kozlova, Alexander V. Tkachev, Valery I. Sergienko, Dmitry G. Alexeev, Vadim M. Govorun
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
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    Origin of a boreal birch bog woodland and landscape development on a warm low mountain summit at the Carpathian-Pannonian interface (2016)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-28
    Description: Hilly regions along the Western Carpathian–Pannonian border are phytogeographically important, but their vegetation history remains largely unknown. We analysed two peat cores of Late Glacial origin from a bog woodland in the Malé Karpaty Mts (SW Slovakia) using plant macrofossil, pollen, peat chemistry and charcoal analyses to trace local successional patterns, regional vegetation development and occurrence of rare species. The small distance between the two profiles situated within homogeneous vegetation enabled us to explore small-scale differences in local vegetation history. The sediment started to accumulate at the end of the Allerød (ca. 12950 cal. yr BP), when a shallow oligotrophic/mesotrophic lake with macrophytes developed. Open pine-birch forests dominated in the landscape. During the early Holocene, the lake was infilled, mire vegetation appeared and broad-leaved forests spread in the surroundings. Two fire events indicated by increases in number of macroscopic charcoal particles were recorded. The first one, which occurred at the end of the Late Glacial, was found only in one of the profiles, while the second one affected entire mire and probably caused a hiatus spanning the middle and late Holocene. Fagus started to spread no later than 5800 cal. yr BP. Open mire vegetation reappeared after the fire (ca. 400 cal. yr BP). During the 19th century, the mire was overgrown by a birch bog woodland. The two profiles showed basically the same successional patterns, but some local events and occurrences of rare species ( Potamogeton alpinus , Potamogeton praelongus , Scorpidium scorpioides and Pleurospermum austriacum ) were traced only in one of them.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 9
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    Adapting Scotland’s forests to climate change using an action expiration chart (2015)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-24
    Description: The inherent uncertainty of climate change impacts is one of the main challenges for adaptation in environmental management. The lack of knowledge about climate impacts on ecosystem services at high spatial and temporal resolution limits when and what adaptation measures should be taken. We addressed these limits by assessing four ecosystem services—forest production, tree growth, sequestered carbon, and tourism potential—under drought or climate change. To support adaptation, we adapted the existing concept of ‘dynamic adaptive policy pathways’ for forest management by developing an action expiration chart, which helps to define expiry dates for forestry actions using ecosystem services delivery thresholds. We assessed services for Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and pedunculate oak on the National Forest Estate in Scotland for the next 80 years using probabilistic climate change data from the UKCP09 weather generator. Findings showed that drought would have an overall long-term negat...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 10
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    Probabilistic forward model for electroencephalography source analysis (2007)
    Institute of Physics
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-16
    Print ISSN: 0031-9155
    Electronic ISSN: 1361-6560
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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