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  • 1
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    Discovery of a sexual cycle in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-02
    Description: Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus whose spores are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. It is also an opportunistic human pathogen in immunocompromised individuals, causing potentially lethal invasive infections, and is associated with severe asthma and sinusitis. The species is only known to reproduce by asexual means, but there has been accumulating evidence for recombination and gene flow from population genetic studies, genome analysis, the presence of mating-type genes and expression of sex-related genes in the fungus. Here we show that A. fumigatus possesses a fully functional sexual reproductive cycle that leads to the production of cleistothecia and ascospores, and the teleomorph Neosartorya fumigata is described. The species has a heterothallic breeding system; isolates of complementary mating types are required for sex to occur. We demonstrate increased genotypic variation resulting from recombination between mating type and DNA fingerprint markers in ascospore progeny from an Irish environmental subpopulation. The ability of A. fumigatus to engage in sexual reproduction is highly significant in understanding the biology and evolution of the species. The presence of a sexual cycle provides an invaluable tool for classical genetic analyses and will facilitate research into the genetic basis of pathogenicity and fungicide resistance in A. fumigatus, with the aim of improving methods for the control of aspergillosis. These results also yield insights into the potential for sexual reproduction in other supposedly 'asexual' fungi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Gorman, Celine M -- Fuller, Hubert T -- Dyer, Paul S -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 22;457(7228):471-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07528.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. celine.ogorman@ucd.ie〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus/classification/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal/genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Ireland ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Sex ; Spores, Fungal/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Sexual life cycle of the fungus P. chrysogenum [Microbiology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-23
    Description: Penicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungus of major medical and historical importance, being the original and present-day industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin. The species has been considered asexual for more than 100 y, and despite concerted efforts, it has not been possible to induce sexual reproduction, which has prevented...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence of apothecia of Tapesia yallundae at setaside sites in England and sensitivity of the ascospore offspring to the fungicides benomyl and prochloraz (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A total of 45 field sites in England were surveyed once for the presence of apothecia of Tapesia yallundae from 1992 to 1994. Apothecia were found at 21 locations and were mainly present on less than 3% of stems. However, apothecia were found on 1532% of stems at four sites. Analysis of the growth characteristics of ascospore isolates from seven sites showed that most produced colonies characteristic of the W-type of T. yallundae, with only one site yielding the R-type, Most ascospore isolates were resistant to the fungicide benomyl and effectively all remained sensitive to prochloraz. The results of the study are discussed in relation to the fungicidal control and epidemiology of T. yallundae, and the risk of spread of disease from set-aside sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02738.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First report of apothecia of Tapesia yallundae occurring on the wild grass Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire Fog) in New Zealand (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00774.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of apothecia of the eyespot pathogen Tapesia on cereal crop stubble residue in England (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A reservoir of infection of Tapesia yallundae may exist after harvest in bases of cereal stems due to the presence of apothecia capable of discharging infective ascospores. Apothecia of T. yallundae developed in a seasonal pattern on winter barley inoculated with the pathogen, with maximum numbers of apothecia produced on stubble 5–7 months after harvest. A similar pattern of development was observed on infected winter wheat. However, the peak in numbers of mature apothecia was observed 2 months later than in winter barley. Apothecia capable of discharging ascospores were present for up to 6 months on stubble. Apothecia of T. acuformis were not detected on spring or winter barley, or spring or winter wheat stubble, despite inoculation of growing crops with isolates of compatible mating type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00575.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of R-type progeny of Tapesia yallundae from apothecia on wheat stubble in England (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 43 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Apothecia of Tapesia yallundae were collected from a set-aside straw stubble site in Lincolnshire in March 1993. Single ascospore isolates were obtained which produced colonies with morphologies and growth rates characteristic of the R-pathotype of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Isolates were confirmed to be R-type by the use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. These observations confirm that T. yallundae is the teleomorph of the R-type of P. herpotrichoides and represent the first detection of the sexual stage of the R-type in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb01655.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive systems Sex and the single lichen (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 404 (2000), S. 564-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Most lichenized fungi produce abundant sexual structures, and in many species sexual spores seem to provide the only means of dispersal. For example, 90% of lichens found in Great Britain and Ireland produce ascomata (fruit bodies) containing sexually derived ascospores, whereas only 29% ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007142
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of the cbhI and cbhII genes involved in cellulose utilisation by the straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 261 (1999), S. 985-993 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsVolvariella ; Cellulase ; Cellulose ; cbh ; Cellobiohydrolase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea is cultivated on substrates rich in cellulose and has been shown to produce a family of cellulolytic enzymes. A PCR-based strategy was adopted to clone genes involved in cellulose utilisation, using degenerate primers designed to amplify conserved catalytic domain sequences of cellobiohydrolases (CBHs). PCR with these primers produced two DNA fragments with sequence similarity to the cbhI and cbhII gene families detected in Trichoderma, Phanerochaete and Agaricus species. Full-length clones of these genes were obtained from an EMBL3 genomic library, and RACE-PCR was used to verify the presence of introns. The cbhI homologue has a coding region of 1722 bp, containing two introns, generating a 536 amino acid polypeptide product. The cbhII gene has a coding region of 1693 bp, containing five introns, and gives rise to a 470-amino acid polypeptide product. Northern and PCR analyses were used to study the expression of the genes. These revealed that transcripts of both genes were induced on medium containing cellulose – with cbhI being expressed more strongly than cbhII– but were repressed on medium containing glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380051047
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of apothecia ofTapesia yallundae in contrasting populations selected by fungicides (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 695-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; eyespot ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Apothecia of the eyespot fungus,Tapesia yallundae, were found on 0–18% of straws in plots of wheat stubble in February–March 1994. The fungicides carbendazim, prochloraz or carbendazim plus prochloraz had been applied repeatedly to the same plots in each of the previous 9 years in which successive wheat crops had been grown. The factors most strongly correlated with the incidence of apothecia were the incidence and severity of eyespot in the preceding wheat crop and the frequency of carbendazim-resistant W-type fungus in populations recovered from that wheat crop. Plots treated with carbendazim, which had previously had more disease and more resistance to carbendazim in the pathogen population relative to untreated plots, therefore yielded most apothecia. Plots treated with prochloraz, which had selected for predominantly R-type fungus and decreased eyespot, yielded few apothecia. Single-ascospore isolates were all of the W-type and were more frequently carbendazim-sensitive than expected, except those from plots treated only with carbendazim. None showed decreased sensitivity to prochloraz. The implications of applying fungicides regularly for controlling eyespot on the capability of the eyespot fungus for genetic variation through sexual reproduction are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874874
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  • 10
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    Structure of histone-based chromatin in Archaea (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-11
    Description: Small basic proteins present in most Archaea share a common ancestor with the eukaryotic core histones. We report the crystal structure of an archaeal histone-DNA complex. DNA wraps around an extended polymer, formed by archaeal histone homodimers, in a quasi-continuous superhelix with the same geometry as DNA in the eukaryotic nucleosome. Substitutions of a conserved glycine at the interface of adjacent protein layers destabilize archaeal chromatin, reduce growth rate, and impair transcription regulation, confirming the biological importance of the polymeric structure. Our data establish that the histone-based mechanism of DNA compaction predates the nucleosome, illuminating the origin of the nucleosome.
    Keywords: Biochemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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