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  • 1
    Keywords: Human geography. ; Regionalism. ; Human Geography. ; Regionalism.
    Description / Table of Contents: Neoendogenous rural development in mountain areas. Dax -- Social innovation and rural development. Bosworth -- The role of rural development policy in European territorial cohesion. Copus -- Territorial governance and rural development, challenge or reality? -- Public action and territorial development. Lacquement -- Territorial distribution of projects with LEADER approach in Andalusia and Extremadura -- Social capital and innovation in Italy and Spain -- Transnational cooperation experiences with LEADER approach in rural areas of Spain and Finland -- The role of agriculture in rural development in Spain and Italy -- The importance of tourism in rural development in Spain and Germany -- Women and young people entrepreneurs in neoendogenous development -- Work and workers created in the LEADER approach -- Natural and cultural heritage in the LEADER approach -- The failed projects. Initiatives that never had support from rural development policy -- Experiences and shared lessons. Cejudo, Eugenio and Navarro, Francisco.
    Abstract: This book is one of the main outcomes of the projects “Development Programmes and Rural Change in the European Union: governance, results and lessons to share”and “Successes and failures in the practice of neoendogenous rural development in the European Union (1991-2013)”, funded both of them by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This publication aims, on one side, to clarify and deepen the knowledge of the social, economic and territorial effects of the LEADER approach, and, on the other, to analyze the importante of the participation of several stakeholders (young people and women) as well as some traditional activities –agriculture- or modern ones (tourism) linked all of them to the rich cultural and natural heritage of these areas. It also provides an in-depth study of the causes that lead to the generation of successful projects in the practice of neoendogenous rural development and also explores the reasons that cause certain projects to fail in the path towards LEADER support so that they are finally not implemented. In addition, it is shown the problems, results and best practices that cause the neoendogenous rural development in different areas inside of the European Union: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom. Thereby it helps to improve the decision-making in rural development, both on a local and regional scale. The multidisciplinary and international character of the authors, as well as the specificity of the research trajectory of each of them, in the analysis of rural development, enriches the publication and facilitates the different and critical reflections on the contributions, errors and meaning of the neoendogenous local development. Researchers in this discipline and technicians working in the practice of rural development along the European Union are the main audience of the book.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XIX, 304 p. 53 illus., 42 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030334635
    Series Statement: Springer Geography,
    DDC: 304.2
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 29 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Escherichia coli loses its rod shape by inactivation of PBP2 (penicillin-binding protein 2), target of the β-lactam mecillinam. Under these conditions, cell division is blocked in rich medium. Division in the absence of PBP2 activity is restored (and resistance to mecillinam is conferred) when the three cell division proteins FtsQ, FtsA and FtsZ are overproduced, but not when only one or two of them are overproduced. Division in the absence of PBP2 activity is also restored by a doubling in the ppGpp pool, as in the argS201 mutant. However, the nucleotide ppGpp, a transcriptional regulator of many operons, does not govern any of the five promoters of the ftsQAZ operon, as shown by S1 mapping of ftsQAZ mRNA 5′ ends in exponentially growing wild-type cells in the mecillinam-resistant argS201 mutant (intermediate ppGpp level) or during the stringent response elicited by isoleucine starvation (high ppGpp level). Furthermore, the concentration of FtsZ protein is not increased in exponentially growing mecillinam-resistant argS201 cells. These results show that the ftsQAZ operon is not the ppGpp target responsible for mecillinam resistance. We are currently trying to identify those targets that, at intermediate ppGpp levels, allow cells to divide as spheres in the absence of PBP2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; ferredoxin ; gltB ; gltS ; glutamate synthase ; Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first two genes of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT) from a prokaryotic organism, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, were cloned in Escherichia coli. Partial sequencing of the cloned genomic DNA, of the 6.3 kb Hind III and 9.3 kb Cla I fragments, confirmed the existence of two different genes coding for glutamate synthases, named gltB and gltS. The gltB gene was completely sequenced and encodes for a polypeptide of 1550 amino acid residues (M r 168 964). Comparative analysis of the gltB deduced amino acid sequence against other glutamate synthases shows a higher identity with the alfalfa NADH-GOGAT (55.2%) than with the corresponding Fd-GOGAT from the higher plants maize and spinach (about 43%), the red alga Antithamnnion sp. (42%) or with the NADPH-GOGAT of bacterial source, such as Escherichia coli (41%) and Azospirillum brasilense (45%). The detailed analysis of Synechocystis gltB deduced amino acid sequence shows strongly conserved regions that have been assigned to the 3Fe-4S cluster (CX5CHX3C), the FMN-binding domain and the glutamine-amide transferase domain. Insertional inactivation of gltB and gltS genes revealed that both genes code for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthases which were nonessential for Synechocystis growth, as shown by the ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase activity and western-blot analysis of the mutant strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Gonadotropes ; Morphometry ; Stereology ; Rana pipiens (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous physiological results have indicated the existence of two releasable pools of gonadotropins in amphibian pituitaries: an acute releasable pool that appears independent of protein synthesis, and a storage pool involved in chronic release that depends on protein synthesis. To elucidate the ultrastructural localization of these pools and the morphological changes induced in gonadotrope cells after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, we carried out a morphometric study of immuno-identified gonadotrope cells using an in vitro superfusion system. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone induced a degranulation of small (110–255 nm) and medium (236–360 nm) secretory granules as well as hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Simultaneous incubation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and cycloheximide inhibited the release of secretory granules although the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex were hypertrophied. These morphological results strongly suggest: (1) that gonadotropin-releasing hormone induces degranulation and hypertrophy of the biosynthetic machinery in gonadotrope cells; and (2) that the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex by stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone is independent of protein synthesis, while the release of secretory granules is protein synthesis-dependent. In addition, the second or “storage” pool of gonadotropin is associated mainly with the small and medium secretory granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Prolactin cells ; Gonadotropic cells ; ACTH cells ; Folliculo-stellate cells ; Rana pipiens (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The colloidal gold immunocytochemical technique was used to determine the ultrastructural features of the glandular cells in the pituitaries of male frogs, Rana pipiens, both in vivo and after superfusion in vitro. Specific reactions to antisera against bullfrog gonadotropins, human prolactin, and synthetic 1–39 corticotropin allowed identification of the 3 corresponding types of glandular cells. No immunoreaction was obtained with antisera against human or ovine-growth hormone, human β-thyrotropin hormone, and bovine S-100 protein. General morphological features of these immunocytochemically identified glandular cells were similar to those of equivalent cells previously described in other amphibian species. Non-glandular folliculo-stellate cells were distinctive. In freshly removed pituitaries, these folliculo-stellate cells contained lysosome-like structures, but did not show phagocytic vacuoles in the cytoplasm; they contained many mitochondria, and the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum were relatively undeveloped. After 4 or 18 h of superfusion, some immunoreactive gonadotropic, prolactin, and corticotropic cells showed degeneration and destruction. In the same gland, folliculo-stellate cells retained a viable appearance, but showed phagocytic vacuoles containing secretory granule-like structures which were immunoreactive to gonadotropic, prolactin, and corticotropic antibodies. Some folliculo-stellate cells showed phagocytic vacuoles containing complete glandular cells. These results suggest that superfusion causes a destruction of some of the glandular cells, and that folliculo-stellate cells act as phagocytes when cellular debris or moribund cells are present in the intercellular space in the pituitary parenchyma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Prolactin/thyrotropic cells ; TRH ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Rana perezi (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary prolactin and thyrotropic cells were investigated in adult male Rana perezi (formerly Rana ridibunda) frogs. Animals were given daily injections of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone into the dorsal lymph sac. Prolactin and thyrotropic cells were identified by the colloidal-gold method, using anti-human prolactin and anti-human-β-thyrotropin hormone as primary antisera. The stereological parameters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and secretory granules of prolactin and thyrotropic cells were evaluated by ultrastructural morphometry (point-counting method). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone caused cytological changes in both cell-types which were consistent with increased synthesis and release of both prolactin and thryrotropin. These changes were still significant after 48 h treatment in the case of thyrotropic cells, while in prolactin cells the thyrotropin-releasing hormone increased the number of secretory granules. After 6 days, the cells resembled essentially those used as controls. These results indicate that thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of prolactin and thyrotropin, and that the response of each cell type to this hypothalamic stimulus follows a different time-course.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; electron transport ; light regulation ; Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ; thioredoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The trxA gene encoding one of the different thioredoxins of the facultative heterotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is transcribed as a single mRNA of 450 nucleotides. Transcript accumulation is similar in all standard growth conditions but strongly decreases after transferring cell cultures from light to darkness. In steady-state conditions, trxA transcription is reduced at high (150–500 μE m−2 s−1) compared with moderate (10–50 μE m−2 s−1) light intensities. The stability of the trxA transcript was similar at different light intensities, and also in darkness. Photosynthetic electron transport inhibitors, as well as glucose starvation in a mutant strain lacking photosystem II, promote a strong decline in the level of trxA transcript. Primer extension analysis suggests that trxA is transcribed from two proximal promoters containing a −10 TATA box similar to the Escherichia coli consensus promoters. Unlike the trxA mRNA, the amount of thioredoxin protein was not reduced in the dark, neither at high light intensities, indicating that thioredoxin protein is very stable. Our results indicate that the thioredoxin encoded by the trxA gene is likely to be primarily regulated at the transcriptional level, rather than at the protein level, by the electron transport generated photosynthetically or from glucose metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Plasma membrane ; ascorbate regeneration ; ascorbyl free radical ; coenzyme Q
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A role for coenzyme Q in the stabilization of extracellular ascorbate by intact cells has beenrecently recognized. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between reducedubiquinone in the plasma membrane and the ascorbyl free radical, as an approach to understandubiquinone-mediated ascorbate stabilization at the cell surface. K-562 cells stabilized ascorbateand decreased the steady-state levels of the semiascorbyl radical. The ability of cells to reduceascorbyl free radical was inhibited by the quinone analogs capsaicin and chloroquine andstimulated by supplementing cells with coenzyme Q10. Purified plasma membranes also reducedascorbyl free radical in the presence of NADH. Free-radical reduction was notobserved inquinone-depleted plasma membranes, but restored after its reconstitution with coenzyme Q10.Addition of reduced coenzyme Q10 to depleted membranes allowed them toreduce the signalof the ascorbyl free radical without NADH incubation and the addition of an extra amount ofpurified plasma membrane quinone reductase further stimulated this activity. Reduction wasabolished by treatment with the reductase inhibitor p-hydroximercuribenzoate and by blockingsurface glycoconjugates with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin, which supports the participationof transmembrane electron flow. The activity showed saturation kinetics by NADH andcoenzyme Q, but not by the ascorbyl free radical in the range of concentrations used. Our resultssupport that reduction of ascorbyl free radicals at the cell surface involves coenzyme Qreduction by NADH and the membrane-mediated reduction of ascorbyl free radical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Plasma membrane ; ascorbate stabilization ; coenzyme Q ; cytochrome b 5 reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Plasma membranes isolated from K562 cells contain an NADH-ascorbate free radical reductase activity and intact cells show the capacity to reduce the rate of chemical oxidation of ascorbate leading to its stabilization at the extracellular space. Both activities are stimulated by CoQ10 and inhibited by capsaicin and dicumarol. A 34-kDa protein (p34) isolated from pig liver plasma membrane, displaying NADH-CoQ10 reductase activity and its internal sequence being identical to cytochrome b 5 reductase, increases the NADH-ascorbate free radical reductase activity of K562 cells plasma membranes. Also, the incorporation of this protein into K562 cells by p34-reconstituted liposomes also increased the stabilization of ascorbate by these cells. TPA-induced differentiation of K562 cells increases ascorbate stabilization by whole cells and both NADH-ascorbate free radical reductase and CoQ10 content in isolated plasma membranes. We show here the role of CoQ10 and its NADH-dependent reductase in both plasma membrane NADH-ascorbate free radical reductase and ascorbate stabilization by K562 cells. These data support the idea that besides intracellular cytochrome b 5-dependent ascorbate regeneration, the extracellular stabilization of ascorbate is mediated by CoQ10 and its NADH-dependent reductase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Fixation methods ; Golgi apparatus morphometry ; Onion roots ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In order to determine the best conditions to carry out quantitative ultrastructural studies in plant specimens, five different fixation techniques, including some of the most reported electron microscopy fixatives (glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, osmium tetroxide, potassium permanganate), were assayed in onion root meristems to check their ability to induce morphometric changes in Golgi apparatus ultrastructure. Although the parameters evaluated showed in all cases the same tendency, values obtained after permanganate fixation were always higher than those found after aldehyde techniques (especially aldehyde-osmium). Aldehyde followed by osmium fixation appears as the most indicated fixation method when accurate quantitative ultrastructural studies are to be developed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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