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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adaptive phase/Doppler system and its applications including particle sizing in submicron and nanometer ranges (1996)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 20 (1996), S. 328-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in the theory and applications of the phase Doppler technique are reviewed. It is now possible to recognize particle material and to measure size and velocity of (i) metallic particles as small as 20 nm, (ii) transparent particles in the submicron range, and (iii) particles with refractive index approaching the surrounding medium. These diverse applications are met with an adaptive hardware for the phase/Doppler velocimeter (PDV), which is more flexible than the conventional device. Also software tools are introduced that provide a rigorous procedure to lay out the optics for various new and old applications. The effectiveness of the new measuring system is demonstrated through several examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191014
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sizing of Irregular Particles Using a Phase Doppler System (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Response of a phase Doppler system to irregularly shaped particles is examined and shown to deviate qualitatively as well as quantitatively from the spherical particles. Nevertheless, the measured phase distributions based on an ensemble of particles exhibit a high degree of order and simplicity. The experimental data and the stochastic modeling of the process have shown that the phase Doppler technique can be used successfully for in-situ sizing and velocimetry of irregular particles. In the case of irregular crystalline particles, mean size and standard deviation can be deduced without requiring any assumptions regarding the functional form of the size distribution. As opposed to other optical techniques, phase Doppler can be used, in principle, near the backscattering location, so that a single optical window would be employed for transmission of laser light and collection of the scattered signals. Furthermore, size measurements can be velocity-resolved, i.e. a size distribution can be associated with each bin of the velocity histogram.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130603
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innovative Phase Doppler Systems and their Applications (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 7-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical and practical limits on the applicability of PDA are established, using generalized theoretical formulations of various physical processes governing the operation of a phase Doppler system. Furthermore, several innovative solutions are introduced to prevent the commonly occuring problems of PDA, such as Gaussian profile effect, non-monotonic response and 2π-ambiguity. Generalized formulations have also enabled new applications, such as sizing of submicron particles, particle material recognition, measurements with non-standard geometries. Selected results of measurements in particulate flows, using innovative PDA systems, are also presented.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a Particle Sizing Technique Based on Laser Sheets (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 11 (1994), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of a laser sheet (or elliptical Gaussian beam) in meas-urement techniques is of growing interset. Some of these techniques take advantage of the wavefront curvature of such beams as in a dual-crylindrical wave system (DCW). Nevertheless, up to now, the analysis of the properties of the light scattered by spherical particles form the beam has been carried out largely by using geometrical optics or classical Lorenz-Mie theory. In this paper, the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT) is applied to the analysis of an existing DCW measurement system. Differences between the results predicted by classical approaches and by GLMT are emphasized.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19940110113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light Scattering Applied to LDA and PDA Measurements part 2: Computational results and their discussion (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 9 (1992), S. 66-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general procedure for the design of a phase Doppler system is presented, which includes computations based on the computer codes described previously. The utility of Mie computations is demonstrated through six examples pertaining to sizing of large particles; in particular, new considerations in bubble sizing are pointed out. Through additional examples, it is shown that the phase Doppler technique may be used for sizing of submicron particles as well as large particles. Recognition of particle material, in addition to the measurement of diameter, is also made possible.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19920090111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual-Cylindrical Wave Method for Particle Sizing (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new laser Doppler method for particle sizing has been developed. In contrast to the standard phase Doppler technique, which uses scattering from plane waves for a measurement, the proposed method employs cylindrical waves of incident light. The main advantage is that signal frequency, instead of the signal phase, becomes a function of particle diameter and a standard frequency measuring device may be used as a signal processor. The advantages of spectrum analysis as the signal processing method are highlighted.The laws of geometrical optics applied to the present scattering problem provide a relationship for the frequency of the collected signal which is expressed as the sum of two terms, the conventional Doppler frequency and the "anisotropic frequency", which is directly dependent on the particle size. These theoretical assertions were examined experimentally. Measurements on glass and metal particles of known diameters showed good agreement with the theory.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19900070110
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extended Phase-Doppler System for Characterization of Multiphase FlowsDedicated to Professor Kurt Leschonski on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 8 (1991), S. 16-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An extended phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) system is described, which allows the user to measure the refractive index of spherical particles, in addition to their velocity, diameter and concentration. The extended PDA system incorporates two additional detectors on the receiving side. Each particle generates four Doppler signals. Phase shifts between two pairs of signals are recorded. The ratio between two measured values of phase shifts is a function of the particle refractive index. The phase ratio is shown to be fairly independent of particle velocity or diameter.Calculations based on Mie scattering theory demonstrated the feasibility of the concept. Measurements with monosize droplets of glycerine-water mixture, covering the refractive index range 1.33-1.44, were used to verify the theoretical predictions. The instrument was also tested with spray flows.It is also shown how the phase-Doppler technique may be used to distinguish between reflecting and refracting particles. This means that the extended phase-Doppler system may be employed to recognize particle material, and also to measure locally particle velocities, sizes and concentrations, in a multiphase flow with several transparent dispersed phases and one dispersed phase consisting of reflecting particles.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19910080105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constraints On The Size And Shape Of The Receiving Aperture in a phase/doppler system (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 113-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using computations based on Mie scattering theory, the influence of the size and shape of the receiving aperture on the signal properties of a phase/Doppler system is examined. For circular apertures exceeding a certain size limit, it is shown that the signal phase is non-monotonic with respect to the particle diameter and exhibits abrupt changes of 180° at certain values of the diameter. This difficulty may be overcome by using rectangular apertures with appropriate aspect ratios.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19900070121
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light Scattering Applied to LDA and PDA Measurements. Part 1: Theory and numerical treatments (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 8 (1991), S. 245-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical tools are provided for computation of the scattered field produced by a spherical particle moving through the region of interference of two crossing laser beams. This formulation is readily applicable to laser Doppler and phase Doppler anemometers (PDAs). In particular, the geometry of PDAs is treated in the most general terms. The cases of very large and very small particles are considered in detail. In the first part the theory underlying the computer code STREU, which was produced during the present work, is discussed and relevant mathematical formulations are presented. Also, graphical tools are provided for the convenience of the designers.In Part 2 the utility of the computer code is demonstrated with the help of examples in the area of phase Doppler anemometry. It is shown that the phase Doppler technique may be used for sizing of submicron particles in addition to large particles. Measurement of particle refractive index, in addition to the diameter, is also made possible.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19910080147
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle Trajectory Effects in Phase Doppler Systems: Computations and experiments (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 332-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of the particle trajectories on phase Doppler measurements were explored numerically using generalized Lorenz-Mie theory. Computations were performed for a commercial phase Doppler system and various schemes for elimination of the trajectory effects were examined. It is shown that these effects cannot be completely suppressed if the ratio of the two measured phase shifts from a single receiving unit is used to validate the measurements. On the other hand, the errors due to particle trajectories can be eliminated satisfactorily by employing an additional receiving unit, which allows one to detect the asymmetry of the scattered light pattern due to displacement of the particle trajectory from the centre of the measuring volume. A preliminary experimental evaluation of this method is presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100607
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