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Agronomic evaluation of fertilizer products derived from Sukulu Hills phosphate rock (1995)

Butegwa, C. N. ; Mullins, G. L. ; Chien, S. H.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 113-122

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Compacted phosphate rock ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate rock ; relative effectiveness ; TSP

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Partial acidulation of phosphate rock (PR) or compaction of PR with soluble P fertilizers can improve the usefulness of unreactive PR for use as P fertilizer. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate nonconventional phosphate fertilizers derived from a low reactive Sukulu Hills PR from Uganda. Raw PR (which contained 341.0 g kg−1 Fe2O3), beneficiated or concentrate PR, partially acidulated PR (PAPR) and PR compacted with triple superphosphate (TSP) were evaluated. Compacted materials had a P ratio of PR:TSP = 50:50. PAPR materials were made by 50% acidulation with H2SO4. TSP was used as a reference fertilizer. Fertilizers were applied to an acidic (pH = 5.4) Hiwassee loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults) at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg P kg−1 soil. Two successive corn (Zea mays L.) crops were grown for 6 weeks. Compacted concentrate PR + TSP and raw PR + TSP were 94.4 and 89.7% as effective as TSP, respectively, in increasing dry-matter yields for the first corn crop. PAPR from the concentrate was 54.8% as effective as TSP. Raw PR, concentrate PR and the PAPR from the raw PR were ineffective in increasing dry-matter yields. The same trends were obtained when P uptake was used to compare effectiveness. Ineffectiveness of the raw PR and its corresponding PAPR was attributed to a high Fe2O3 content in the raw PR. Bray I and Pi paper were found to be nearly equally suitable at estimating available P in the soils treated with responsive fertilizer materials. Mehlich 1 overestimated available P in soil treated with raw PR, concentrate PR or the PAPR from the raw PR.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750800

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2

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Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)

Mullins, G. L. ; Sikora, F. J.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467

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3

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Induced phosphorus fixation and the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers derived from Sukulu Hills phosphate rock (1995)

Butegwa, C. N. ; Mullins, G. L. ; Chien, S. H.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 231-240

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: compacted phosphate rock ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; P availability ; phosphate rock ; P fixation capacity ; relative effectiveness

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted with two surface, acidic soils (a Hiwassee loam and a Marvyn loamy sand) to measure the effect of increasing P-fixation capacity, on the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of phosphate fertilizers derived from Sukulu Hills phosphate rock (PR) from Uganda. Prior to fertilizer application, Fe-gel was added to increase P-fixation capacity from 4.4 to 14.3% for the Marvyn soil and from 37.0 to 61.5% for the Hiwassee soil. Phosphate materials included compacted Sukulu Hills concentrate PR + Triple superphosphate (CTSP) at a total P ratio of PR:TSP = 50:50; 50% partially acidulated PR (CPAPR) from Sukulu Hills concentrate PR made with H2SO4; and Sukulu Hills concentrate PR (PRC) made by magnetically removing iron oxide from raw PR ore. Triple superphosphate (TSP) was used as a reference fertilizer. After adjusting soil pH to approximately 6, P sources were applied at rates of 0, 50, 150, and 300 mg total P kg−1 soil. Two successive crops of 5 week old corn seedlings (Zea mays L.) were grown. The results show that the RAE of the phosphate materials measured using dry-matter yield or P uptake generally decreased as P-fixation capacity was increased for both soils. CTSP was more effective in increasing dry-matter yield and P uptake than CPAPR. PRC alone was an ineffective P source. Soil chemical analysis showed that Bray 1 and Mehlich 1 extractants were ineffective on the high P-fixation capacity Fe-gel amended Hiwassee soil. Mehlich 1 was unsuitable for soils treated with PRC since it apparently solubilizes unreactive PR. When all of the soils and P sources were considered together, Pi paper was the most reliable test for estimating plant available P.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750930

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4

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Field evaluation of commercial monoammonium phosphate fertilizers (1990)

Mullins, G. L. ; Sikora, F. J.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 1-6

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Monoammonium phosphate ; phosphorus sources ; pearlmillet ; water soluble P ; available P

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted for two years to evaluate 9 MAP fertilizers produced from the major sources of PR deposits located in Florida, Idaho and North Carolina compared with reagent grade MAP. Sources varied in chemical composition and had 81 to 100% of the A.O.A.C. available P water soluble. Each source was applied to a Norfolk (Typic Paleudults) and a Hartsells(Typic Hapludults) soil at rates to supply 0, 29 and 59 kg P ha−1. Forage yields and P concentrations in harvested forage were increased by the application of P (P ⩽ 0.05) to both soils during the two year study. The concentration of P in harvested forage was affected by the source of MAP only on the Hartsells soil in 1988. Nitrogen was not affected by the source MAP in any of the forage samples tested. Yield differences among sources were observed only in 1987 on the Norfolk soil and in 1988 on the Hartsells soil. Performance of the fertilizers was not related to the percentage of water soluble P or the content of metallic elements.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054800

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5

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Field evaluation of commercial triple superphosphate fertilizers (1990)

Mullins, G. L. ; Evans, C. E.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 25 (1990), S. 101-106

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: Triple superphosphate ; superphosphate ; phosphorus sources ; potatoes ; Solanum tuberosum ; water soluble P ; available P

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Field studies were conducted for three years (1987–1989) at two locations to evaluate 4 commercial triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers containing various levels of water-soluble P. The fertilizers had been produced from phosphate rock deposits located in Florida, North Carolina and Morocco. AOAC available P was 81 to 94% water-soluble. Water-soluble P was inversely related to the level of Fe and Al in the fertilizers. Phosphorus from each source was applied to a Malbis soil (Plinthic Paleudults) and a Hartsells soil (Typic Hapludults) at rates of 0, 25, 49 and 99 kg ha−1. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields were increased by the application of P, except for the Malbis soil in 1988. Yields were not affected by the source of added P on either soil during the three years of the study. Fertilizer performance was not affected by the level of water-soluble P or the content of Fe and Al when band applied to potatoes under field conditions in the Southeastern United States.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095089

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6

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Cotton root growth as affected by P fertilizer placement (1993)

Mullins, G. L.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 23-26

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: fertilizer management ; phosphorus uptake ; soil solution ; Gossypium hirsutum L

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Growth chamber studies were conducted to evaluate root growth and P uptake by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as affected by the proportion of the soil volume that is treated with fertilizer P. Cotton seedlings were grown in a Dewey silty clay loam (Typic Paleudult) and a Marvyn loamy sand (Typic Paleudult). The Dewey soil had a low-P status and the Marvyn soil had a high-P status (7 and 44 mg kg−1 Mehlich I extractable P, respectively). Phosphorus was added at a constant or base rate which was added to decreasing proportions of the soil volume (i.e. 1.0, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125). The addition of the same amount of P to decreasing proportions of the soil volume resulted in a stimulation of root growth in the P-fertilized soil volume relative to the nonfertilized soil. The degree of stimulation was similar for the two soils which differed in P status. Phosphorus uptake reached a maximum when 0.25 and 0.50 of the soil volume was treated with P on the Marvyn and Dewey soils, respectively.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749956

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7

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Cadmium and zinc influx characteristics by intact corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings (1986)

Mullins, G. L. ; Sommers, L. E.

Springer

Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 153-164

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Cadmium ; Cd and Zn uptake ; Heavy metals ; Zea mays L. ; Zine

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Cadmium and zinc uptake parameters were determined for intact corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown for 15 and 22 in nutrient solutions containing levels of Cd and Zn that were similar to those found in soil solutions. Uptake of both elements was assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Calculations were based on the concentrations of free ionic Cd (Cd2+) and Zn (Zn2+) rather than the total solution concentration. Rates of Zn uptake were measured by determining depletion of Zn for periods of up to 30 h from solutions containing initial concentrations of 1.5 and 10μmol Zn 1−1. Depletion curves suggested that Zn uptake characteristics were similar at both levels of Zn in solution. The Imax for Zn uptake decreased from 550 to 400 pmol m−2 root surface s−1 between 16 and 22 d of growth while Km decreased from 2.2 to 1.5 μmol Zn2+ 1−1. Cadmium uptake parameters were measured by controlling Cd2+ activities in nutrient solution betwen 6.3 to 164 nmol l−1 by continuous circulation of nutrient solution through a mixed-resin system. Imax for Cd uptake was 400 pmol m−2 root surface s−1 at 15 and 22 d of growth. The magnitude of Km increased from 30 to 100 nmol Cd2+ 1−1 during this time period. The Km value suggests that corn is efficient for Cd uptake. The results of these uptake studies are consistent with the observed uptake of Zn and Cd by corn seedlings in soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374760

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8

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Metal speciation in xylem and phloem exudates (1986)

Mullins, G. L. ; Sommers, L. E. ; Housley, T. L.

Springer

Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 377-391

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: CHELATE GEOCHEM ; Metal complexation ; Phloem exudates ; Soybeans ; Tomato ; Transport ; Xylem exudates ; Yucca

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Two computer programs based on simultaneous chemical equilibria were compared for calculation of chemical species in xylem exudates. The first program, CHELATE, was developed to calculate the chemical species in xylem exudates while GEOCHEM was developed to calculate the speciation of natural aquatic systems. The output of the two programs should be similar since they are based on similar calculations. Data input to the programs consisted of concentration data for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, NH4, PO4, pH and 28 organic ligands reported for xylem exudates from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants grown in nutrient solution17. The organic ligands included amino acids and low molecular weight organic acids (e.g., citric and malic). With the exception of Fe, there were large differences between CHELATE and GEOCHEM in the calculated speciation of nearly all metals in the xylem exudates. In general, there was better agreement between the programs for the speciation of alkaline earth metals than for transition metals. Discrepancies between the two programs were attributed to differences in 1) species considered and 2) stability constants. GEOCHEM considered a greater number of possible complexes. In addition, stability constants for some complexes differed by as much as 10 fold between the two programs. When the data base for GEOCHEM and CHELATE were the same, the output from CHELATE and GEOCHEM was almost identical. Thus, computations performed by the two programs are equally valid, but it is essential that the data base used in chemical models be verified before interpreting the output. Average concentration data for Al, Au, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Zn, Cl, MoO4, PO4, SO4, HVO4, pH and 18 organic ligands in phloem exudates from Yucca (Yucca flaccida Haw.) were complied from available literature and analyzed by GEOCHEM. Amino acids were the predominant organic ligand analyzed. Calculations revealed that alkali metals existed almost totally as the free ionic species (≥99%) whereas alkaline earth metals were transported as complexes with organic acids (oxalic, malic, and asparagine). Aluminum and Fe were present as hydroxyl species while 〈1% of micronutrients were transported as the free ion. Major micronutrient species were Cu-glutamine, Mn-asparagine and Zn-alanine. Information on calculated species present in phloem exudates could be useful to guide studies for isolation of metal-ligand complexes in phloem exudates.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375142

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