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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 2382-2385 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Time domain spectroscopy has been used to measure the room temperature transmission of highly doped GaAs in the frequency range from 0.2 to above 3 THz. We studied n- and p-type layers, with carrier densities between 1016 and 2×1018 cm−3, which had been grown on undoped GaAs substrates. Transmission spectra could be fitted within experimental error by using a Drude model for the conductivity. Fitted carrier densities for both carrier types and mobilities for p-type GaAs were in good agreement with the results of Hall measurements. In the case of n-GaAs, the optically determined mobility appeared to underestimate slightly the Hall mobility. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 638 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 642 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 28 (1966), S. 493-522 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 56 (1987), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Temporal information processing was studied in humans attempting to tap a key in synchrony with a metronome whose base period was subjected to subliminal random changes. Statistical measures of the sequential timing of metronome and key-tap events were compared with similar time series generated by computer-simulated models of synchronization strategies. From this analysis, synchronization appears to be a sensory-dependent second-order recursive process indexed and stabilized by a combination of internal and external resetting events, with at least two independent sources of timing error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 4 (1968), S. 157-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This communication examines, in digital computer simulated networks, the input-output relation established at synaptic level. It is restricted to excitatory junctions and analyzes the changes in post-synaptic discharge which occur when the number of pre-synaptic terminals increases while the EPSP size decreases, when the statistical structure or “form” (as measured by the interspike interval mean, standard deviation, histogram and by the autocorrelogram) of the spike train in each pre-synaptic fiber changes, and/or when the interdependence between pre-synaptic fibers varies from complete independence to strong dependence. 1Independent Pre-synaptic Terminals. When the number of pre-synaptic terminals increases and the EPSP size decreases proportionally (while the input form remains constant), the post-synaptic interspike interval mean increases slightly, the standard deviation decreases markedly, the histogram becomes sharp and narrow and the autocorrelogram becomes periodic. When, on the other hand, the pre-synaptic form varies (while the number of terminals and the EPSP size remain constant), the effect upon the post-synaptio output depends upon the given number of terminals and EPSP size. If terminals are few and EPSP's large, the output varies with the pre-synaptic form. The post-synaptic coefficient of variation is linearly related to the pre-synaptic coefficient of variation, the slope decreasing as the number of inputs increases. If terminals are numerous and weak, the pre-synaptic form ceases to be influential and the post-synaptic cell generates the same output regardless of the detailed structure of the corresponding input. The output common to any combination of independent weak input forms is a very regular train of evenly spaced spikes. (This conclusion is valid unless pre-synaptic terminals fire at extremely low rates.) Such results are mathematically predictable in a simple and realistic model of membrane potential and threshold dynamics (see Appendix). As the EPSP size increases, all other variables being equal, the post-synaptic interval mean decreases monotonically. The decrease is smooth or in steps depending on whether the pre-synaptic form is Poisson or pacemaker, respectively. Post-synaptic spikes are effectively blocked by relatively small numbers of inhibitory terminals. 2Dependent Pre-synaptic Terminals. When there is a physiological amount of interdependence between the presynaptic terminals that impinge upon the post-synaptic cell, the activity of the latter is a function of the statistical form of the input channels, even when the latter are numerous and weak. This happens when interdependence involves only a proportion of all terminals or only the terminals within separate and independent groups. In order to understand the transactions that take place in the nervous system, it is necessary to identify the presynaptic statistics that influence the corresponding post-synaptic discharge. When pre-synaptic terminals produce large PSP's their influence is dominant and exerted by way of the precise statistical form of the discharge. When terminals produce small PSP's their influence is contingent on their degree of interdependence. If they are uncorrelated, they act exclusively by way of their mean rates and provide a smooth adjustment of the post-synaptic membrane potential and firing rate. If terminals are correlated, they act by way of several statistical features and assume a dominant role that determines a precise relation between pre-synaptic timing and post-synaptic firing. The degree of inter-terminal correlation is thus a functionally significant variable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines Digitalrechners wurden die Eingangs-und Ausgangsbeziehungen auf synaptischer Ebene untersucht und dargestellt. Diese Untersuchung erstreckt sich auf erregende Synapsen und analysiert die Veränderungen postsynaptischer Aktionspotentiale, die auftreten, 1. wenn die Anzahl der präsynaptischen axonischen Endigungen ansteigt, während andererseits die Amplitude des EPSP abnimmt; 2. wenn sich die statistische Struktur oder „Form” der Spike-Kette in jeder präsynaptischen Faser verändert; und/oder 3. wenn die Beziehungen zwischen den präsynaptischen Fasern von völliger Unabhängigkeit bis zu starker Abhängigkeit variiert werden. 1Unabhängige präsynaptische Endigungen. Mit zunehmender Anzahl präsynaptischer Endigungen bei gleichzeitiger proportionaler Abnahme des EPSP (Input Form konstant) treten folgende Veränderungen auf: a) das durchschnittliche Intervall zwischen den postsynaptischen Spikes nimmt etwas zu; b) die mittlere statistische Abweichung (standard deviation) nimmt erheblich ab; c) die Form des Histogramms wird eng umschrieben; und d) das Autokorrelogramm nimmt „periodischen” Charakter an. Wenn andererseits die präsynaptische Form verändert wird (während die Anzahl der Endigungen sowie die Größe des EPSP konstant bleibt), hängt der am postsynaptischen Ausgang registrierte Effekt von der gegebenen Anzahl der Endigungen und von der Größe des EPSP ab. Ist die Anzahl der Endigungen gering und das EPSP groß, dann variiert der Ausgang mit der präsynaptischen Form. Der postsynaptische Variationskoeffizient steht dann in linearer Abhängigkeit vom präsynaptischen Variationskoeffizienten, wobei die Steigung der Geraden mit zunehmendem Eingang abnimmt. Sind die Endigungen zahlreich und die Größen der EPSPs gering, dann übt die präsynaptische Form keinen Einfluß mehr aus, und das von der postsynaptischen Zelle erzeugte Ausgangsprodukt wird unabhängig von der detaillierten Struktur des Eingangs. Für eine jegliche Kombination von unabhängigen und schwachen Eingangsformen stellt sich das Ausgangsprodukt in Form einer sehr regelmäßig gestalteten und durch gleichmäßige Abstände gekennzeichneten Spike-Kette dar (diese Folgerung gilt nur für die Fälle, in denen die präsynaptischen Endigungen sich nicht äußerst langsam entladen). Diese Resultate können mathematisch an Hand eines einfachen Membranmodells abgeleitet werden (s. Appendix). Wenn das EPSP in Größe ansteigt, alle anderen Variablen jedoch gleich bleiben, dann nimmt das postsynaptische Intervall fortwährend ab. Dieser Abfall ist entweder gleichmäßig (präsynaptische Form: „Poisson”) oder stufenweise (präsynaptische Form: „pacemaker”). Die postsynaptischen Aktionspotentiale werden durch eine vergleichsweise kleine Anzahl von hemmenden Endigungen wirkungsvoll blockiert. 2Abhängige präsynaptische Endigungen. Wenn sich der Grad der Abhängigkeit zwischen den präsynaptischen Endigungen in physiologischen Grenzen bewegt, dann kann die Aktivität der postsynaptischen Zelle als eine Funktion der statistischen Form der Eingangskanäle angegeben werden, und das sogar, wenn die letzteren zahlreich und schwach sind. Dieser Fall tritt dann ein, wenn die Abhängigkeit zwischen den präsynaptischen Endigungen nur einen Teil aller Endigungen oder nur die Endigungen innerhalb getrennter und unabhängiger Gruppen betrifft. Um die im Nervensystem stattfindenden Übertragungen zu verstehen, ist es notwendig, diejenigen präsynaptischen Statistiken zu idendifizieren, die entsprechende postsynaptische Entladungen beeinflussen. Wenn präsynaptische Endigungen große PSPs hervorrufen, dann ist ihr Einfluß dominierend und wird entsprechend der präzisen statistischen Form ausgeübt. Wenn die Endigungen kleine PSPs hervorrufen, dann hängt ihr Einfluß weitgehend von dem Grad der Abhängigkeit voneinander ab. Wenn die präsynaptischen Endigungen unkorreliert sind, dann vermitteln ihre durchschnittlichen, präsynaptischen Entladungsgeschwindigkeiten eine gleichmäßige Regulierung des postsynaptischen Membranpotentials und der postsynaptischen Entladungsgeschwindigkeiten. Sind andererseits die präsynaptischen Endigungen korreliert, dann nehmen sie eine dominierende Funktion ein, und die Beziehungen zwischen präsynaptischer Regulierung und postsynaptischer Entladung können präzise definiert werden. Somit stellt sich der Grad der Abhängigkeit zwischen den präsynaptischen Endigungen als eine funktionell bedeutende Variable dar.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 483-501 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphological changes in the interstitial cells were studied during their differentiation into spermatozoa. Development of the spermatogonium involves an increase in nuclear and nucleolar size, and the formation of a dense mass of cytoplasmic ribosomes. The mature spermatozoon has a relatively simple structure. The head consists of a bullet shaped, homogeneous nucleus, which lacks an acrosome but bears distal membrane specializations. The middle piece is composed of four large spherical mitochondria at the base of nucleus. A single flagellum projects from one of the two centrioles lodged between the mitochondria. The flagellum appears early during development in the primary spermatocyte. During spermiogenesis microtubules associated with the basal body flagellum complex appear to define the axis of chromatin condensation.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 86 (1975), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Follicular fluid aspirated from large cow follicles inhibits endogenous, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in Yoshida ascites cells. The inhibitory component of follicular fluid is probably a protein and appears to affect specifically the activity of the nucleoplasmic polymerase II.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 94 (1978), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the breeding season from January to June, female wallabies which are suckling a young animal in the pouch may carry a dormant embryo (lactational quiescence). Removal of the pouch young during this period results in a resumption of embryo development. In the latter half of the year, the embryo will not reactivate after removing the suckling young (seasonal quiescence). In this situation, development resumes spontaneously in late December or may be induced prematurely by progesterone treatment. The response of the genome of quiescent macropod blastocysts was studied during the early period of growth. Changes in the transcriptional activity of the embryo cells were measured by assay for endogenous RNA polymerases. Embryos actively synthesized RNA during both lactational and seasonal quiescence. Termination of seasonal quiescence resulted in increases in RNA polymerase activities within the nucleolus and nucleoplasm of the cell. This occurred on the day following the summer solstice, December 22, 1974, in animals captured in the wild, or within 48 hours of administration of progesterone. Embryos which were induced to resume development during the breeding season also showed increases in nucleolar and nucleo-plasmic polymerase activities within five days of removal of suckling young from the pouch. In all situations, the response of the nucleolar enzymes was greater than that of the nucleoplasmic enzymes. This is in agreement with other observations of the regulation of gene activity in growth-stimulated cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2000-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
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