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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary observations on the concentration of marine bacteriophages in the water around Helgoland (1991)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 45 (1991), S. 411-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary survey, conducted between August 28 and October 9, 1990, the concentration of bacteriophages in seawater sampled at intervals of 1 to 4 days near Helgoland (station Kabeltonne) was determined by using indicator bacteria which had been isolated from seawater sampled only some weeks before. With a number of bacterial strains, phage concentrations ranging between 2 and 7×102ml−1 were found. However, during the course of this investigation maximal concentrations lasted for a few days only. With most indicator bacteria employed, the concentration of plaque-forming units (PFU) varied in the range of 〈1 and 20–30 PFU ml−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367176
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting survival of test bacteria in sea water: marine bacteria, test bacteria and solid surfaces (1972)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 23 (1972), S. 271-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The antibacterial activity of raw sea water varied considerably during incubation of successive inocula ofEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, andSerratia marinorubra. In most cases inactivation of second inocula was stronger than that of first ones. However, withS. aureus, contradictory results were obtained also. 2. The bactericidal effect of filter-sterilized sea water was strengthened by inactivated cells ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus. Contradictory findings were obtained from autoclaved sea water. 3. Inactivation of test bacteria was greatly influenced by solid surfaces. In most cases, the kill ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus in raw and sterile-filtered sea water was stronger at increased surface/volume ratios than under standard conditions. More rapid inactivation of these test strains in sterile-filtered, than in raw, sea water occurred more often at enlarged ratios of solid surface per unit volume. The survival ofSerratia marinorubra was positively affected by solid surfaces. 4. It is concluded that changes in nutritive conditions occurring during the experiments are more important in regard to antibacterial activity of sea water than production of harmful matter by marine bacteria.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Der Einfluß der vorstehend genannten Faktoren wurde auf die Überlebensfähigkeit vonEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus undSerratia marinorubra in Meerwasser untersucht. Aktivitäten mariner Bakterien führten nicht generell zu verstärkter antibakterieller Wirkung rohen Meerwassers. Häufig waren sie für das Überleben vonE. coli undS. aureus förderlich. Inaktivierte Zellen vonE. coli undS. aureus erhöhten die bakterizide Wirkung rohen und filtersterilisierten Meerwassers gegenüber sekundär inokulierten, gleichartigen Testbakterien, während sie die inaktivierende Potenz autoklavierten Meerwassers verminderten. Durch erhöhtes Angebot an Glasoberfläche/Volumeneinheit, welches die adsorptive Anreicherung organischer Substanzen verstärkt, wurde die Inaktivation vonE. coli undS. aureus meistens beschleunigt, während sich diejenige vonS. marinorubra um so stärker verminderte, je größer das Verhältnis Oberfläche/Volumen war. Raschere Abtötung vonE. coli undS. aureus in Sterilfiltraten als in rohem Meerwasser trat bei erhöhtem Oberfläche/Volumen-Verhältnis häufiger auf als unter Standardbedingungen. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die während der Versuche eintretenden Veränderungen des Nährstoffangebotes, hervorgerufen durch Nährstoffverbrauch sowie durch Lysis inaktivierter Testbakterien, bezüglich der bakteriziden Wirkung von Meerwasser generell von größerer Bedeutung sind als bakterizide Stoffwechselprodukte mariner Bakterien.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01609679
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further investigations on the concentration of marine bacteriophages in the water around Helgoland, with reference to the phage-host systems encountered (1992)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 46 (1992), S. 275-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Between April 3 and September 24, 1991, the concentrations of bacteriophages infecting bacterial strains, isolated in 1990 and during this investigations, were determined in 35 samples of seawater taken at station ‘Kabeltonne’ adjacent to Helgoland. Similar to the findings of 1990, phage concentrations of several hundred plaque forming units (PFU) ml−1 were observed with a number of indicator strains, the maximum concentration being at least 1.5×103 PFU ml−1. These high concentrations lasted for only a few days, generally decreasing at rates between 0.6 and 0.9 day−1. Phage concentrations of 0 to 2 PFU ml−1 were found to be predominant until the end of June, occasionally attaining 5 PFU ml−1. From July through September, when high phage concentrations were observed with some indicator strains, between 0 and 10 PFU ml−1 were found in the majority of tests. As revealed by a final phage-host cross-reaction test, the greater part of 138 indicator bacteria is genetically related, and almost half of the 200 phage strains tested are propagated only by their original indicator bacterium. The possible importance of mutational events for the maintenance of phage-host systems in nature is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367099
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacteriophage sensitivity patterns among bacteria isolated from marine waters (1981)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 34 (1981), S. 375-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phage-host cross-reaction tests were performed with 774 bacterial strains and 298 bacteriophages. The bacteria (bacteriophages) were isolated at different times from water samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean between the European continental shelf and the Sargasso Sea: 733 (258) strains; in the North Sea near Helgoland: 31 (31) strains; and in the Bay of Biscay: 10 (9) strains. Of the Atlantic Ocean bacteria 326 were found to be susceptible to one or more Atlantic Ocean bacteriophage(s). The bacteriophage sensitivity patterns of these bacteria vary considerably, placing 225 of them in two large clusters of bacteriophage-host systems. Taking all into account, 250 of the 326 Atlantic Ocean bacteria are different from each other. This high degree of variation among the bacteria distinguishes microbial populations derived from widely separated eastern and western regions of the Atlantic Ocean. It also sets apart from each other the populations derived from samples collected at successive stations some 200 miles apart, although to a lesser degree. With bacterial populations found from samples collected on the way back and forth between Europe and the Sargasso Sea a gradual change was observed from "western" phage sensitivity patterns to "eastern" ones. Sixty-nine Atlantic Ocean bacteria are sensitive to bacteriophages isolated from the North Sea and the Bay of Biscay; of these only 26 strains are also susceptible to Atlantic Ocean phages. The interpretation of the results is based on the hydrographical conditions prevailing in the northern Atlantic Ocean including the North Sea, and on the assumption that the microbial populations investigated have undergone genetic changes while being transported within water masses from west to east.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074130
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxonomic investigations of bacteriophage sensitive bacteria isolated from marine waters (1983)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 36 (1983), S. 357-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on 28 criteria the taxonomy of 366 phage sensitive bacterial strains isolated from marine waters (Atlantic between European continental shelf and Sargasso Sea, Bay of Biscay, North Sea near Helgoland) was investigated. Seventy-eight phage-intensity strains derived from the same Atlantic Ocean regions as the sensitive ones were tested for comparison. While in the latter considerable diversity was observed, the results obtained with the phage-sensitive bacteria are characterized by stupendous uniformity. 362 of the 366 strains are assigned to the family Vibrionaceae, some 280 of which belong to the genusVibrio. As discussed, this taxonomic uniformity among the phage-sensitive bacteria is assumed to be an artifact mainly caused by the type of enrichment culture employed for the isolation of all but a few bacteriophage strains used and, to a lesser degree, by characteristics of the bacterial populations encountered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983456
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory investigations on the survival of marine bacteriophages in raw and treated seawater (1992)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 46 (1992), S. 251-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory investigations were performed to gain insight into the mechanisms which govern the survival of marine bacteriophages in nature. Samples collected in 1988 to 1990 at station “Kabeltonne” near Helgoland were used raw, membrane-filtered (0.15μm), and/or after inverse filtration through 10 μm-mesh gauze to reduce or increase live and dead particles. The development of natural or artificial bacterial populations and the survival of 2 to 10 distinguishable strains of test phage were followed during incubation at 20°C. The results obtained with most test phages point to the predominant role of indigenous bacteria for marine phage inactivation which was generally enhanced by sample managements leading to improved growth of bacteria. The virucidal properties of the samples differed greatly in total strength as well as in the changes taking place during incubation, the latter resulting in conspicuously differing inactivation curves. Generally, phage inactivation was slow during the first 2 to 3 days of incubation, followed by a period of very rapid inactivation which usually coincided with the die-away of colony-forming bacteria. This period lasted either only a few days or until the concentration of test phage was reduced to (near) zero. While the inactivation of most test phage is assumedly caused by proteolytic enzymes released during the die-away of bacteria, the survivability of one test phage (H7/2) was also markedly influenced by the bacteria sensitive to it. Survival rates of the test phages in the laboratory tests were generally of the same order of magnitude as those recently observed with natural phage populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367098
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for the detection of bacteriophages from ocean water (1980)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 34 (1980), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the isolation of bacteriophages from ocean water is described. It precludes sample storage before starting phage-enrichment cultures and provides for the use of 3 sub-samples enriched with organic nutrients after 1, 2 and 3 days of incubation. The method was used with samples collected from 6 m below the surface at 48 stations between the European continental shelf and the Sargasso Sea. With 213 among 931 bacterial isolates about 250 strains of bacteriophages were detected by two methods of different sensitivity. From 14 samples taken east of the Azores 115 host bacteria have been found versus only 98 from 34 samples collected at westerly stations. The employment of more than one sub-sample per station as well as the use of more sensitive phage-detection procedures was found to be more advantageous the lower the concentration of cultivatable bacteria in a sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983537
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lytic and inhibition responses to bacteriophages among marine bacteria, with special reference to the origin of phage-host systems (1983)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 36 (1983), S. 375-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The results of phage-host cross-reaction tests reported by Moebus & Nattkemper (1981) were re-examined using serially diluted bacteriophage suspensions to elicit the actual type of reaction between the bacteria and phage lysates tested. More than 1450 phage-host systems were studied at 25 °C incubation temperature. Among the nearly 300 phage strains used, 29 were identified as temperate ones. In about 65 % of the phage-host systems bacteriophage propagation was indicated by plaque formation. The remaining systems were characterized by the “inhibition” reaction of bacteria to phage lysates indicated by homogenously reduced bacterial growth within the test area without production of progeny phages. Since crude phage lysates had to be used, it remains obscure whether agents other than infective phage particles (defective ones or bacteriocins) caused this reaction. Among 269 systems of the inhibition type which were also tested at 5° and 15 °C, 54 were observed to propagate phages at one of or both the lower temperatures. Plaques produced at 15 °C with several phage-host systems were found to yield only few progeny phages which generally could not be propagated to produce high-titer phage stocks. With one system temperature-sensitive phage mutants were isolated. The probability of inhibition reactions occurring was found to be higher with phage-host systems isolated east of the Azores than with systems derived from the western Atlantic. With systems from the last mentioned area the proportion of inhibition versus lytic responses of bacteria to phages was observed to increase with the distance between the stations where both parts of the systems were derived. The latter findings are discussed in view of the assumption that bacterial and bacteriophage populations undergo genetic changes while being transported from west to east.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983457
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exudation of dissolved organic carbon by brown algae (1974)
    Springer
    Marine biology 26 (1974), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The release via exudation of dissolved organic carbon by Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. was investigated under laboratory conditions. In contrast to results previously reported by Sieburth (1969), continuous release of organic matter was found with only 1 specimen out of 21 tested either in stagnant sea water or in sea water flowing through the system. The holdfast of the plants was found to release relatively large amounts of organic material; however, this release lasted only for short periods, and was most probably due to damage caused by removing the plants from their substrate. The possible reasons for the failure to detect exudation are discussed. With Fucus vesiculosus L., no reliable results could be obtained, most probably due to particulate matter sloughing off the plants during the washings and during the experiments under conditions of photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388881
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rehydration of desiccated intertidal brown algae: Release of dissolved organic carbon and water uptake (1974)
    Springer
    Marine biology 26 (1974), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. and Fucus vesiculusus L. during rehydration was investigated after desiccation under experimental conditions. During 30 min of rehydration of plants which had lost up to 70% of their water, A. nodosum released about 2 to 10 mg C/100 g dry weight, while F. vesiculosus released 10 to 50 times more. When dried to water losses exceeding 70%, plants of both species yielded similar amounts of DOC, approximating 2 g C/100 g dry weight. Considerable variance in the amounts of DOC released by individual plant of both species was observed over the whole range of water losses tested. Among the DOC released, the portion of carbohydrate-C was O to 5% with A. nodosum but 2 to 47% with F. vesiculosus. This difference was most pronounced when less than 100 mg C/100 g dry weight were released. A. nodosum regained a smaller percentage of its original weight than F. vesiculosus after 30 min of rehydration when more than 30% of fresh weight were lost during desiccation. Curves were obtained which enable the estimation of water losses in naturally desiccated specimens within 30 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388882
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