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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A class of multiple sample tests based on empirical coverages (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 40 (1988), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9052
    Keywords: Spacing ; strong mixing condition ; asymptotic normality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A class of multiple sample tests based on empirical coverages is proposed which is a generalization of Greenwood's and Sherman's one-sample goodness-of-fit test statistics. The asymptotic normality of the tests is established by embedding the empirical coverages into a stationary process satisfying the strong mixing condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053963
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The verification of numerical models with multivariate randomized block permutation procedures (1989)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 40 (1989), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Multivariate randomized block permutation procedures (MRBP) can be used effectively to verify numerical models. Compared to other statistical methods, MRBP shows several distinct advantages. First of all, MRBP operates in the same Euclidean analysis space as its input data. The root mean square error (RMSE) is discussed, since it is a natural choice as a distance measure between two data sets and is closely related to the distance measure on which MRBP is based. The RMSE by itself provides no basis for inferential comparisons, whereas MRBP is well suited for such deductions. Since MRBP is computationally economical and requires only a few case studies for meaningful comparisons, it is also useful for model development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032458
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permutation procedures as a statistical tool in wood related applications (1989)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 23 (1989), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Two variations of a class of permutation tests termed Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP1 and MRPP2) and the classical two-sample, two-sided t test were used to evaluate 72 data sets from tests on wood joints made with elastomeric construction adhesives. In all cases, the probability levels obtained from MRPP2 and the two-sample t test were nearly identical. This result stems from the fact that the test statistics of these two tests are theoretically equal. However, the underlying distributions of these two statistics are different. In several of the 72 comparisons, conflicting inferences about population differences were reached using MRPP1 and MRPP2. The results indicated that when the two data sets closely approximated a normal distribution and equal variances occurred, the MRPP2 (the permutation version of the t test) was the more optimal test. When validly-obtained extreme points were present, then the assumption of normality was not reasonable and MRPP1 was superior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367732
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Median-based regression methods in wood science applications (1993)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 27 (1993), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Regression analyses using the traditional, mean-based, least squares (LS) and the median-based, least absolute deviations method (LAD) were performed on twenty-five sets of bending strength and stiffness data. Comparisons of regression models were made to determine the effect of mathematical technique. In all cases, model coefficients demonstrated some degree of sensitivity to regression method. In cases where the residual data appeared to approximate a normal distribution, the models produced fairly similar results. However, the LS technique was found to be highly influenced by even a single extreme residual value. LAD regression proved to be far more stable in the presence of extreme residual values due to its more rational distance function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195300
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical coverage test for theg-sample problem (1991)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 23 (1991), S. 583-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: multiple sample ; nonparametric ; permutation test ; univariate-continuous data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A nonparametricg-sample empirical coverage test has recently been developed for univariate continuous data. It is based upon the empirical coverages which are spacings of multiple random samples. The test is capable of detecting any distributional differences which may exist among the parent populations, without additional assumptions beyond randomness and continuity. The test can be effective with the limited and/or unequal sample sizes most often encountered in geologic studies. A computer program for implementing this procedure, G-SECT 1, is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065808
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geological applications of multi-response permutation procedures (1993)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 25 (1993), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Euclidian analysis space ; multivariate ; nonparametric ; permutation test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The multi-purpose permutation procedures (MRPP) test statistic is designed to analyze multivariate data at the ordinal or higher levels. It is based on the weighted averages of symmetric distance functions over all paired objects withina priori disjoint groups of objects from a finite population of objects where each object's response is a point in anr-dimensional space. Thus, the arguments of eachr-dimensional point correspond to ther measured responses of each object in the finite population of objects. The null hypothesis underlying MRPP is that the observed sample of objects within groups of a specified size structure is randomly obtained from the pooled collection of objects comprising the finite population. The procedure is used to test the presumed geomorphic differences among three reaches of the Lower Mississippi River. A combination of the proposed reaches is favored and several variable-based reach configurations are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00894781
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permutation procedures for multi-dimensional applications in wood related research (1999)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 33 (1999), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0043-7719
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Two nonparametric statistical techniques are presented which allow the user to evaluate the effect of a treatment on an n-dimensional set of variables associated with forest products. The multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) are a broad category of permutation techniques based on a variety of distance functions. Earlier work on this subject has demonstrated that when the distance function is selected appropriately, one-dimensional MRPP represent a rational alternative to traditional comparative statistical analysis techniques, such as the Student's t-test (t-test). In the work presented herein, MRPP are broadened to include analyses on the effect of a treatment on data were containing multiple variables which may be correlated. These tests are a MRPP based on Euclidean distance (MRPP-E) and a MRPP motivated by Hotelling's T2 test (MRPP-H) which can account for the variance-covariance structure of the data. Four hundred eighteen data points representing the moduli of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) of eight foot-long (244 cm), nominal 2 × 4 inch2 (51 × 102 mm2), No. 2 grade, Douglas-fir, dimension lumber from seven growing regions in the western United States were selected for use in this study. Data were analyzed using one- and two-dimensional, classical, parametric techniques (i.e. t-test and Hotelling's T2 test) and the more intuitive and nonparametric MRPP in similar dimensions. The results indicated that the MOE demonstrated some degree of sensitivity to the growth region, while the MOR proved to be insensitive. Also, considerable differences in inference drawn regarding the presence of statistically significant differences between data sets existed as a function of the analytical test method used. The unique structure of the data encountered in this study showed that MRPP-E was insufficiently sensitive to the variance-covariance structure of the data. Visual examination of the data suggested that MRPP-H is more appropriate for the present data than MRPP-E.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002260050094
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern of cadmium in the environment of five Minnesota cities (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 13 (1991), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the cadmium results of a soil survey conducted by the State of Minnesota during the summer of 1986. The survey collected soil-dust trom the oldest census tracts of Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, St. Cloud and Rochester. The results reveal fundamental differences in soil cadmium among cities. Soil cadmium exceeds 2 μg g−1 in 8.4% of the samples in Minneapolis, and 7.0, 4.0, 3.3 and 1.5% respectively of the samples collected in St. Paul, Duluth, St. Cloud and Rochester. Minneapolis and St. Paul residential houseside soil samples had cadmium levels that exceeded 2 μg g−1 in 24.5 and 21.2% respectively of the samples collected. By comparison, the Minneapolis and St. Paul residential streetside soil samples had cadmium levels that exceeded 2 μg g−1 in 1.2 and 0.6%, respectively, of the samples collected. Also the Minneapolis and St. Paul residential midyard soil samples had cadmium levels that exceeded 2 μg g−1 in 1.9 and 5.5%, respectively, of the samples collected. Cadmium levels for the combined data for all cities and communities in Minneapolis appears to be directly related to traffic flow. However, cadmium levels around housesides and in midyards do not follow patterns of traffic flow in the same manner as cadmium content of soils along streetsides. St. Paul has an anomalously high cadmium content toward the east of the city compared with the west side of the city. The Pigs Eye sewage sludge incinerator located east of the city is the most likely source of cadmium to cause this pattern. This study provides essential urban background information about both the fundamental environmental patterns of cadmium as well as processes which appear to operate to cause those patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01783493
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  • 9
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    The pattern of cadmium in the environment of five Minnesota cities (1991)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0269-4042
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2983
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    The verification of numerical models with multivariate randomized block permutation procedures (1989)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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