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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Clays (2010)
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 11.0059
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents:Crystal Structure - Species - Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process- Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 472 S.
    ISBN: 9783642060007
    Classification:
    Mineralogy
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual occurrence of glauconite in a shallow lagoonal environment (Lower Cretaceous, northern Aquitaine Basin, SW France) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 17 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Some minerals are considered to be representative of specific natural environments. Among them glauconite is considered to be formed in marine deep platform conditions. However, the term glauconitic is misused to designate green minerals formed in marine outer-shelf environments. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses of individual green materials were carried out leading to the identification of glauconite in the Purbeckian facies. Green glauconite grains predominantly occur as burrow fills and occasionally as faecal pellet replacements. Two depositional environments have been identified from bottom to top of the succession: (1) an argillaceous dolomitic lagoonal sediment formed in saline, shallow water; (2) a marl-limestone alternation deposited in a brackish water estuary. The crystallochemical properties of the glauconites change abruptly. These findings show that glauconite may form in coastal environments and not only in mid-shelf to upper deep water platform environments as classically assumed. Moreover, the glauconite composition changes with the chemical conditions imposed by the local environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00646.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Illite K–Ar dating and crystal growth processes in diagenetic environments: a critical review (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 16 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: K–Ar dating of illitic minerals is commonly used in studies of diagenetic series applied to oil prospecting. In spite of a great number of specialized papers, some problems remain unresolved. These are mostly due to a misunderstanding of the argon accumulation process during illitization. Criteria for identifying detrital–authigenic mineral mixtures, crystal ripening, fast precipitation or continuous nucleation-growth processes are discussed using K–Ar data available in the literature. Using different parameters, such as Δage (ageK–Ar − agestrati), Δcryst (diagenetic ageK–Ar − agestrati) or Δfrac (ageK–Arfraction −ageK–Arfinest), it is shown that the K–Ar age significance depends on the illite nucleation–growth processes. A ‘diagenetic age’ is obtained when these processes are rapid (the K2O accumulation period is shorter than 2σ). If lower than this value, the K–Ar ratio depends on the proportions of new and old particles, respectively, which are controlled by the relative rates of nucleation, crystal growth and ripening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00563.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue-engineered bone regeneration (2000)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature biotechnology 18 (2000), S. 959-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Bone lesions above a critical size become scarred rather than regenerated, leading to nonunion. We have attempted to obtain a greater degree of regeneration by using a resorbable scaffold with regeneration-competent cells to recreate an embryonic environment in injured adult tissues, and thus ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/79449
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of remodeling on the elastic properties of bone (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Elastic constants ; Plexiform bone ; Haversian bone ; Ultrasonic techniques ; Internal remodeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cortical bone can be modeled as a complex hierarchical composite interrelating both structure and material properties on four levels of structural organization: molecular, ultrastructural, microscopic, and macroscopic. In young animals, the microstructural systems are long parallel lamellar units, plexiform bone, which in older or more mature animals converts by internal remodeling into multiple concentric lamellar units, secondary osteons, forming haversian bone. Ultrasonic wave propagation measurements performed on both plexiform and haversian bone clearly show a definitive relationship with microstructure; haversian bone can be described as a transversely symmetric material whereas plexiform bone appears to be orthotropic in nature. The anisotropy of the elastic constants are found to reflect the tissue symmetry; moreover, plexiform bone is stiffer and more rigid in all directions than is haversian bone. Similar experiments were performed on osteoporotic and osteopetrotic bone. While the results for osteoporotic bone are understandable in terms of the increased porosity, the results for the osteopetrotic bone are anomalous with respect to its density. Since Wolff, the remodeling of bone has been interpreted as a way of altering the mechanical properties to suit some need. For haversian remodeling from plexiform bone, the argument that adaptation occurs to optimize properties requires additional clarification since haversian bone appears to have inferior mechanical properties to plexiform bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406131
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrothermal alterations in the Echassières granitic cupola (Massif central, france) (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 112 (1992), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Detailed petrographic and mineralogic investigations of an albite-lepidolite granite at Echassières (Massif Central, France; scientific deep drill program) shows the existence of hydrothermal stages which are closely related to the magmatic and structural history. According to fluid inclusion data, K-Ar datations and 18O/16O-D/H compositions of secondary minerals, two successive hydrothermal periods have been recognized. The early one (273–268 million years) produced a series of aluminous phyllosilicates: muscovite, pyrophyllite, donbassite, tosudite, kaolinite which are observed as vein deposits (〈10 mm wide) and alteration products of primary minerals in wall-rocks. The vein system was sealed by monomineralic assemblages during a cooling period (400–150°C). This early hydrothermal alteration stage was controlled by interactions of rock with low salinity (1–10 wt% NaCl equivalent) fluids expelled from the granitic body during the cooling processes. The chemical properties of these fluids were the following: low pH, very low Mg and Fe and high Li, Na and K contents. Thermodynamic calculations show that the sequence pyrophyllite, Li-bearing donbassite, tosudite is mostly temperature dependent. From the chemical composition of secondary minerals and isotopic data it can be deduced that these fluids, which have a meteoric origin, have been expelled from the granite body during its cooling period and after interaction with it at high temperature. The late hydrothermal stage corresponds to deposits of fluorite and Fe-Mg rich illite (151 million years) in subvertical fractures. Temperature conditions did not exceed 250° C and fluids came through the surrounding metamorphic rocks into the granitic body. IIlite/smectite mixed-layer minerals have been identified in subvertical fractures which were opened during Tertiary periods. In the host micaschists, successive hydrothermal alterations took place during the cooling of the Beauvoir granite. Early magmatic fluids interacted with these micaschists. Locally, the metamorphic assemblage is replaced by a metasomatic one. Secondary topaz and (F, Li)-rich mica crystals were formed over a range of 450 of 150°C. Later hydrothermal fluids reacted with the country rocks to form phengite-biotite, chlorite-illite and kaolinite over a range of 300 to 150°C. Illite/smectite mixed-layer minerals crystallized in the roof micaschists and within the Beauvoir granite during the Tertiary alteration period. Meteoric water invaded open fractures producing supergene alteration mineral assemblages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310461
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  • 7
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    Organism motility in an oxygenated shallow-marine environment 2.1 billion years ago (2019)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-11
    Description: Evidence for macroscopic life in the Paleoproterozoic Era comes from 1.8 billion-year-old (Ga) compression fossils [Han TM, Runnegar B (1992) Science 257:232–235; Knoll et al. (2006) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 361:1023–1038], Stirling biota [Bengtson S et al. (2007) Paleobiology 33:351–381], and large colonial organisms exhibiting signs of coordinated growth from the 2.1-Ga Francevillian series, Gabon. Here we report on pyritized string-shaped structures from the Francevillian Basin. Combined microscopic, microtomographic, geochemical, and sedimentologic analyses provide evidence for biogenicity, and syngenicity and suggest that the structures underwent fossilization during early diagenesis close to the sediment–water interface. The string-shaped structures are up to 6 mm across and extend up to 170 mm through the strata. Morphological and 3D tomographic reconstructions suggest that the producer may have been a multicellular or syncytial organism able to migrate laterally and vertically to reach food resources. A possible modern analog is the aggregation of amoeboid cells into a migratory slug phase in cellular slime molds at times of starvation. This unique ecologic window established in an oxygenated, shallow-marine environment represents an exceptional record of the biosphere following the crucial changes that occurred in the atmosphere and ocean in the aftermath of the great oxidation event (GOE).
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Unraveling complex (2012)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: A specific methodology was developed to refine the complex clay mineralogy commonly encountered in soil environments. The soil examined was a Cambisol developed into a ferralitic paleosol. The sample was split into four sub-fractions of different particle sizes (
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 9
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    The weathering intensity scale (WIS): An alternative approach of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) (2013)
    HighWire Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-01
    Description: The chemical index of alteration (CIA) is a tool to calculate the weathering intensity (Nesbitt and Young, 1982). It has been largely used to reconstitute the past climates on Earth at different epochs and to determine the sediment source rocks from shale and graywacke stratigraphical series. However, because it induces some uncertainties, we propose a new approach based on the M+-4Si-R2+ system (M+ = Na+ + K+ + 2Ca2+; 4Si = Si/4; R2+ = Fe2+ + Mg2+) that takes silica into account. In these coordinates, the chemical compositions of the weathered granitic, mafic and ultramafic rocks determine clearly separated trends which all converge toward the 4Si pole, namely the kaolinite composition (chlorites plot near the R2+ pole). Consequently, the alteration intensity for a given parent rock can be measured by the migration of its chemical composition toward the kaolinite pole: Δ4Si% = [(4Sialtered sample − 4Siunaltered parent rock) × 100]/(100 − 4Siunaltered parent rock). The ultimate stage of weathering leads to the progressive accumulation of the insoluble R3+ components (R3+ = Al3+ + Fe3+). It is attained in bauxite deposits where kaolinite is replaced by gibbsite. This ratio varies from 0 to 1 with increasing weathering degree, namely the leaching of soluble components (M+ and R2+), the oxidation of Fe2+ and the concentration of the residual ones (Al3+, Fe3+). Because hydroxides cannot be represented in the M+-4Si-R2+ system, the Weathering Intensity Scale (WIS) including the ultimate bauxite stage must be based on the co-variation of the Δ4Si% parameter and the R3+/(R3+ + R2+ + M+) ratio.The effects of the diagenetic illitization on the composition of sediments (so-called K-metasomatism) are difficult to measure since the K2O amount of sediments may be highly variable due to the inheritance of detrital potassic minerals. In spite of this variability, if the compositions of the shales in a given series are aligned toward the diagenetic illite pole ([Si3.30Al0.70]O10(Al1.78Fe3+0.05Mg0.17)(OH)2K0.87) in the M+-4Si-R2+ coordinates, a correction is required. The illite amount has been calculated for the Gulf Coast shale series assuming that the K2O percent of the original sediment (K2Osediment) is equal to that of the shale sample having the lowest K2O%: (K2Oshale − K2Osediment) × 100/9.9. The correction modifies the amounts of all the elements and not only that of potassium. Consequently, the normalized values of the M+, 4Si, and R2+ parameters for the corrected composition are changed and the Δ4Si% parameter modified.The WIS has been tested on a Neoproterozoic shale-graywacke series (Mirbat Group, Oman) in which the sediments have been deposited in contrasted climatic conditions (glacial and interglacial). The variation of the Δ4Si% parameter along the stratigraphic pile exhibits large and low magnitude oscillations. The former are coherent with that given by the CIA and could correspond to changes in global conditions (temperature, latitude) while the second could indicate changes in more local ones (precipitation, elevation, denudation, runoff).
    Print ISSN: 0002-9599
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-452X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by HighWire Press on behalf of The American Journal of Science.
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  • 10
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    Non cell-autonomous role of DCC in the guidance of the corticospinal tract at the midline (2017)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-25
    Description: Non cell-autonomous role of DCC in the guidance of the corticospinal tract at the midline Scientific Reports, Published online: 24 March 2017; doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00514-z
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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