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  • 1
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    Using factor analysis to identify neuromuscular synergies during treadmill walking (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Neuroscientists are often interested in grouping variables to facilitate understanding of a particular phenomenon. Factor analysis is a powerful statistical technique that groups variables into conceptually meaningful clusters, but remains underutilized by neuroscience researchers presumably due to its complicated concepts and procedures. This paper illustrates an application of factor analysis to identify coordinated patterns of whole-body muscle activation during treadmill walking. Ten male subjects walked on a treadmill (6.4 km/h) for 20 s during which surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was obtained from the left side sternocleidomastoid, neck extensors, erector spinae, and right side biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius. Factor analysis revealed 65% of the variance of seven muscles sampled aligned with two orthogonal factors, labeled 'transition control' and 'loading'. These two factors describe coordinated patterns of muscular activity across body segments that would not be evident by evaluating individual muscle patterns. The results show that factor analysis can be effectively used to explore relationships among muscle patterns across all body segments to increase understanding of the complex coordination necessary for smooth and efficient locomotion. We encourage neuroscientists to consider using factor analysis to identify coordinated patterns of neuromuscular activation that would be obscured using more traditional EMG analyses.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of neuroscience methods (ISSN 0165-0270); Volume 82; 2; 207-14
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Effects of adaptation of vestibulo-ocular reflex function on manual target localization (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The goal of the present study was to determine if adaptive modulation of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function is associated with commensurate alterations in manual target localization. To measure the effects of adapted VOR on manual responses we developed the Vestibular-Contingent Pointing Test (VCP). In the VCP test, subjects pointed to a remembered target following passive whole body rotation in the dark. In the first experiment, subjects performed VCP before and after wearing 0.5X minifying lenses that adaptively attenuate horizontal VOR gain. Results showed that adaptive reduction in horizontal VOR gain was accompanied by a commensurate change in VCP performance. In the second experiment, bilaterally labyrinthine deficient (LD) subjects were tested to confirm that vestibular cues were central to the spatial coding of both eye and hand movements during VCP. LD subjects performed significantly worse than normal subjects. These results demonstrate that adaptive change in VOR can lead to alterations in manual target localization.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation (ISSN 0957-4271); Volume 10; 2; 75-86
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    The Effects of Long-Duration Spaceflight on Postflight Terrestrial Locomotion (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Locomotion is a complex task requiring the coordinated integration of multiple sensorimotor subsystems. This coordination is exemplified by the precise control of segmental kinematics that allows smooth progression of movement in the face of changing environmental constraints. Exposure to the microgravity environment encountered during space flight induces adaptive modification in the central processing of sensory input to produce motor responses appropriate for the prevailing environment. This inflight adaptive change in sensorimotor function is inappropriate for movement control in 1-g and leads to postflight disturbances in terrestrial locomotor function. We have previously explored the effects of short-duration (7-16 days) space flight on the control of locomotion. The goal of the present set of studies was to investigate the effects of long-duration spaceflight (3-6 months) on the control of locomotion with particular emphasis on understanding how the multiple interacting systems are adaptively modified by prolonged microgravity exposure.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Proceedings of the First Biennial Space Biomedical Investigators' Workshop; 411-412
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Head and Trunk Movement Control During Locomotion After Long-Duration Spaceflight (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Exposure to the microgravity environment encountered during spaceflight induces adaptive alteration in sensorimotor function that leads to postflight disturbances in locomotor control. Head and trunk movement control plays a central role in maintaining gaze stability and in providing a stable reference system to permit spatial navigation in a complex and constantly varying environment. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-duration spaceflight (3-6 months) on head and trunk movement control during postflight terrestrial locomotion. Before and after spaceflight, subjects walked on a motorized treadmill while performing a challenging gaze stabilization task requiring number recognition. Head and trunk kinematic data were collected with a video-based motion analysis system. Analysis of roll, pitch and yaw head and trunk movements during treadmill walking revealed postflight alterations in head and trunk movement control in all three planes of motion. Subjects also experienced oscillopsia during postflight walking which led to impairment in performance of the number recognition task. These data indicate that exposure to long-duration space flight causes alteration in head and trunk movement control during postflight locomotion. These changes have implications for the control of gaze and maintenance of dynamic stability during walking after long-duration spaceflight.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Vestibular Influences on Spatial Orientation; Apr 16, 1999 - Apr 19, 1999; Princeville, HI; United States
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Developing Sensorimotor Countermeasures to Mitigate Post-Flight Locomotor Dysfunction (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Following spaceflight, crewmembers experience postural and locomotor instability. The magnitude and duration of post-flight sensorimotor disturbances increase with longer duration exposure to microgravity. These post-flight postural and locomotor alterations can pose a risk to crew safety and to mission objectives if nominal or emergency vehicle egress is required immediately following long-duration spaceflight. Gait instabilities could prevent or extend the time required to make an emergency egress from the Orbiter, Crew Return Vehicle or a future Martian lander leading to compromised mission objectives. We propose a countermeasure that aids in maintaining functional locomotor performance. This includes retaining the ability to perform vehicular egress and meet early mission objectives soon after landing on a planetary surface.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Conference on International Space Station Utilization; Oct 15, 2001 - Oct 18, 2001; Kennedy Space Center, FL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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