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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes Bathylagus wesethi and Nezumia liolepis (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 205-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal complex ; Dorsal sac ; Paraphysis ; Bathylagus wesethi ; Nezumia liolepis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal complexes of two deep-sea fishes, Bathylagus wesethi (family Bathylagidae) and Nezumia liolepis (family Macrouridae), were studied with both light and electron microscopy. Receptor and supportive cells were identified in the pineals of both species. The presence of receptor cells suggests that the pineals function in photoreception. Ganglion cells could be identified only in B. wesethi. A dorsal sac and a paraphysis were found in B. wesethi; both structures are absent in N. liolepis. Several trends were found when the results of this study were compared with those of a study on the pineal complex of another deep-sea fish, the myctophid Triphoturus mexicanus (McNulty and Nafpaktitis, 1976). Two of these trends, which are correlated with the vertical distributions of the species studied, suggest an increase in the photosensitivity of the pineals. These are: 1) an increase in the average number of outer segment lamellar membranes per receptor cell, and 2) an increase in the ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalks. A functional relationship between the dorsal sac, paraphysis, and pineal central lumen was suggested. The relationship may involve secretory activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226028
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic ribbon populations in the pineal gland of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbon ; Pinealocyte ; Ovariectomy ; Estradiol ; Rhesus monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pinealocytes of rhesus monkeys that had been ovariectomized and given intramuscular injections of 250 μg estradiol-benzoate for 3 consecutive days tended to have more synaptic ribbons (SR) and exhibited a significantly greater size of ribbon fields (RF) compared to untreated animals. These data are consistent with hypotheses that pinealocyte function in primates is altered by hormonal imbalances and that the SR participates in this response. RF were positioned in various parts of the cytoplasm and along the plasma membrane. Participation of SR in direct cell-to-cell contacts was suggested by the formation of densities along the plasma membrane. It is postulated that large RF serve as storage organelles and that the formation of RF results from division of pre-existing SR in each field. Reconstructions made from serial thin sections revealed that profiles of RF comprised separate SR that were not folded and sectioned along various planes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251051
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of synaptic ribbons in rat pineal gland explants by norepinephrine and sympathetic neurons in a co-culture model (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 283 (1995), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Synaptic ribbon ; Pineal gland ; Co-culture ; Norepinephrine ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Rat (Wistar ; Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The hypothesis that synaptic ribbons in the mammalian pinealocyte are influenced by adrenergic mechanisms was tested in the present study using a co-culture model of pineal glands and superior cervical ganglia from neonatal rats. Pineal gland explants survived and showed a high degree of differentiation when cultured for up to 30 days regardless of the presence or absence of superior cervical ganglia. Pineal glands also had neurotrophic properties promoting the survival and neurite extension from superior cervical ganglia. Synaptic ribbons were a common ultrastructural feature in all pineal cultures. There was a significant decline in synaptic ribbon numbers when co-cultured with superior cervical ganglia for both 7 and 30 days. A similar significant decrease in synaptic ribbon frequency was observed after treatment of pineal explants with norepinephrine (10−5 M) for both 7 and 30 days. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neural mechanisms play an important role in regulating synaptic ribbon numbers, at least during early development. The study also illustrates the utility of pineal gland-superior cervical ganglia co-cultures as a model for future investigations of neuron-target interactions in the pineal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050512
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic characterization of macrophage/microglia cells and expression of class II major histocompatibility complex in the pineal gland of the rat (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Astrocytes ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Macrophages ; Microglia ; MHC class II antigen ; Rat (various stains)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interstitial cells in the pineal gland of the rat were characterized immunocytochemically using the monoclonal antibodies MRC OX-42 and ED1 for macrophages/microglia, and MRC OX-6, which recognizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen. A polyclonal antibody against GFAP was used to identify astrocytes. Cells immunopositive for OX-42 and/or ED1 were distributed throughout the gland; they extended processes primarily along the perivascular spaces and occasionally within the parenchyma of the gland. Ultrastructurally, these OX-42-positive cells were characterized by a nucleus with sparse heterochromatin and cytoplasmic vacuoles/lysosomes. Cells expressing MHC class II antigen had a distribution and morphology similar to OX-42-immunopositive cells, suggesting that pineal macrophages/microglia play a role as antigen-presenting cells. GFAP-positive astrocytes were concentrated at the proximal end of the pineal where the pineal stalk enters the gland. The occurrence of antigenpresenting cells in the circumventricular neuroendocrine gland has important functional implications as these cells may be mediators of neuroimmunomodulatory mechanisms, and involved in certain disease states such as autoimmune pinealitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302731
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ culture of the goldfish pineal body (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 565-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ teleost ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure ; Indoles ; High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and biochemistry of the goldfish pineal organ were examined in expiants cultured for 1, 3, and 6 days. All four cell types (photoreceptor, supportive, ganglion, phagocytic) were identified; they exhibited many of the characteristics of these cells in vivo. Exceptions included a gradual disorganization of the outer segments and reduction of synaptic ribbons in photoreceptors with time in culture. In addition, there was a marked proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum in both photoreceptor and supportive cells. The indoles 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-methoxytryptophol, and melatonin were separated in expiants by high performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection. Serotonin levels could be depleted by p-chlorophenylalanine and elevated by nialamide or by adding 5-hydroxytryptophan to the culture medium. These findings suggest that organ culture may be a useful model for study of regulatory processes related to the photoneuroendocrine functions of the teleost pineal organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219873
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative light and electron microscopic study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes, Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens (1979)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal complexes of the two closely related deep-sea fishes Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photoreceptor and supportive cells were identified in both species. The deeper-dwelling species, C. acclinidens, had a significantly greater number of photoreceptor-cell outer segment saccules and a higher ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalk. It was suggested that these indicate increased photosensitivity of the pineal. Supportive cells were sometimes seen to contain arrays of undulating tubules. The functional significance of these tubules is not understood. A prominent dorsal sac is closely associated with the pineal end-vesicle. Both structures appear to have a common vascular supply suggesting that they are functionally related. Dorsal sac cells contained abundant mitochondria, glycogen, and large filament-like inclusions.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051620102
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The morphology of dermal chromatophores in the infrared-reflecting glass-frog Centrolenella fleischmanni (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and organization of chromatophores in the neotropical glass-frog, Centrolenella fleischmanni (family Centrolenidae), were studied with both light and electron microscopes. Four types of pigment cells are described in the dorsal skin. The fine structure of two chromatophores corresponds to the typical amphibian xanthophore and iridophore; one is similar to the unusual melanophore found in phyllomedusine hylids; the fourth cell type is unlike any chromatophore previously described. Pigment granules in the unusual chromatophore are moderately electron-dense and have an irregular shape, suggesting a fluid composition. This pigment appears to be laid down in organelles similar in appearance to pterinosomes. The organization of pigment cells in this species differs from that of other green, leaf-sitting frogs in that there are few discrete groups resembling “dermal chromatophore units.” It is suggested that the unusual new pigment cell contributes significantly to the overall green color of C. fleischmanni.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and organization of circumventricular organs and endolymphatic tubules in the treefrog, Hyla versicolor (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 204 (1990), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and anatomical relationship of the paraphysis, anterior choroid plexus, and endolymphatic tubules of Hyla versicolor suggest that these structures may act as a functional unit to regulate composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ependymal cells of both the paraphysis and the choroid plexus exhibit ultrastructural features (an extensive microvillar border, large intercellular spaces containing an amorphous material, and apically located mitochondria) which indicate active exchange between the blood and CSF. Mast cells (which may play a role in regulating vascular permeability) also occur on the brush border. The tubules of the endolymphatic sacs were found to lie in close relation with the dorsal portion of the paraphysis. The endolymphatic organ is known to play a role in systemic buffering during respiratory acidosis and may influence Na/K fluxes via calcium release. The association of the paraphysis with the endolymphatic tubules may therefore represent an important mechanism for ion regulation in the CSF of amphibians. The ultrastructure of the pineal organ agrees with descriptions for other species. No pineal stalk was present. Photoreceptor inner and outer segments project into a central lumen continuous with the third ventricle. Outer segments show signs of disorganization. Photoreceptor/neural dendrite contacts involve synaptic ribbons and conventional synapses.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052040208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal region in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal region ; Opossum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal region of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, two types of cells predominate: 1) pinealocytes, and 2) fibrous astrocytes. Pinealocytes are characterized by the presence of prominent Golgi bodies, numerous clear and dense-cored vesicles, sensory cilia (9+0), vesicle-crowned rods, and condensation of a material that was always associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, two other cell types are occasionally seen. These include 1) neuron-like cells, and 2) darker staining cells of unknown identity. The endoplasmic reticulum of the darker staining cells is typically expanded and filled with an amorphous substance. Although the pineal region is small in size, the present findings suggest that pinealocytes in this species are metabolically active cells displaying a secretory function. Moreover, the presence of sensory cilia (9+0) and vesicle-crowned rods indicates that pinealocytes of the opossum are phylogenetically related to the photoreceptor cells found in the pineal organ of lower vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239333
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural observations on synaptic ribbons in the pineal organ of the goldfish (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbons ; Pineal organ ; Goldfish ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic ribbons in the pineal organ of the goldfish were examined electron microscopically with particular attention to their topography. These structures were formed of parallel membranes, which were poorly preserved with OsO4 fixation and could be extracted from thin sections with pronase indicating their proteinaceous nature. Synaptic ribbons were closely apposed to the plasma membrane bordering dendrites of ganglion cells, but were also related to processes of both photoreceptor and supportive cells. Their close proximity to invaginations of the plasma membrane and portions of the endoplasmic reticulum suggest that they are involved in the turnover of cytoplasmic membranes. Tubular and spherical organelles of unknown function are also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237613
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