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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 8 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Observation wells and access holes for neutron probe use were drilled by a jet-percussion drill rig in coarse alluvial material near Tucson, Arizona. The method combines the jetting action which effectively removes loose materials with the percussion necessary to break up tighter formations and large particles. A unique feature of the equipment is the provision for simultaneous drilling and driving the casing to keep the hole open in loose formations. Washed samples of the material being drilled can be obtained from the recirculating water system. Drilling rates were from seven to ten feet per hour, and costs including casing were less than $1.50 per foot. Maximum depth is about 100 feet.Hydrologic study of a ground-water reservoir requires access to the aquifer. Observations are made where the water table intersects the land surface, such as at springs or seeps, or through existing wells. However, wells are not always found in desired locations or are pumped so heavily that their usefulness as observation wells is impaired. Measurements are also made in the unsaturated zone with neutron moisture measuring equipment, which requires a small diameter cased access hole for the neutron probe.An observation well needs a diameter only large enough for access by measuring devices and must be immediately responsive to changes in aquifer water level. For neutron probe use, the required diameter is about two inches, and the well must have no significant effect on moisture movement in the unsaturated zone. To meet these requirements the drilling process should have no lasting effect on the formation surrounding the well. Finally, since the wells have no economic utility, construction cost must be low.A network of observation wells and neutron probe access holes was drilled as part of a project to evaluate the natural recharge from Rillito Creek near Tucson, Arizona. The formation along the creek bed is a coarse alluvial outwash containing almost no clay, considerable running sand, and some large gravel and boulders. Commercial churn (percussion) and hydraulic rotary drills, commonly used for drilling in this area, were first tried but encountered much difficulty in the loose materials.Previous investigators used jetting equipment drill small diameter holes in a variety of alluvi formations (Cederstrom and Tibbitts, 1961; Bowma: 1911; and Pillsbury and Christiansen, 1947). Howeve in most cases, either open hole drilling was used because the fine material content and the limited numb. of boulders or large gravel particles made this methc possible, or drilling mud was used to maintain th hole. The jetting method uses water pumped unde pressure through hollow rods and a drill bit to loose the material and carry it to the surface. The jettin water receives little aid from the drill in loosenin the material to be removed. Usually the drill cutting are settled out in a tank or basin, and the water i recirculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 4 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A two-dimensional, passive element electric analog model was used to determine the spatial distribution of natural ground-water recharge in the Santa Cruz River basin of southern Arizona. Existing records were used to draw a ground-water level contour map of the area in its undeveloped condition. The model was made to duplicate these contours by varying inputs from known locations of recharge. Recharge distribution as determined by the model was consistent with previous estimates, but no direct correlation was found with the contributing drainage area.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A method for collection and analysis of well cuttings samples to aid in ground-water resources evaluation of certain types of alluvial aquifers is described. The method standardizes collection procedures which minimize disruption of the drilling process and allows for easier laboratory interpretation. Analysis techniques for soils are adapted to differentiate between the formations encountered. Wet and dry colors, particle size analysis, acid reaction, plus examination of mineral constituents permits correlation of formation characteristics from wells constructed at different times and by different drillers. An example of the procedure for an area northwest of Tucson, Arizona is given.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 7 (1971), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: .Many growing municipalities near irrigated agriculture are advocating a transfer of water now utilized for irrigation to municipal use. Alternatives are presented whereby this water can be transferred to municipal use in exchange for treated sewage effluent. The irrigation water would in effect be cycled through the municipal system prior to use on the farms.A case study of the Tucson region illustrates the relevant legal, economic and technical aspects. Effluent could be delivered to irrigators in Avra Valley at a cost less than that now paid for water pumped from declining water tables. In return the City of Tucson could import ground water now being used for irrigation through an existing pipeline which presently cannot be used because of a court injunction obtained by the irrigators. It appears that such an exchange agreement could be made without modification of existing statutory law.Similar exchange arrangements may prove to be feasible in other regions containing irrigated agriculture. Increased efficiency of water use can be achieved avoiding external effects which commonly arise in a direct transfer and are difficult to evaluate. High quality water is allocated to municipal use whereas nutrient-rich sewage effluent is transferred to irrigation.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words USA ; groundwater management ; groundwater recharge/water budget ; legislation ; socioeconomic aspects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La loi de 1995 sur la protection des consommateurs d'eau de Tucson (Arizona, États-Unis) a été promulguée à la suite des réclamations des consommateurs d'eau de Tucson alimentés en eau traitée à partir à la station centrale d'Arizona (CAP). Les conséquences de cette loi montrent les incertitudes et les difficultés qui apparaissent lorsque le public est appeléà voter sur un problème très technique. Les exigences de la loi en matière de recharge négligent les incertitudes hydrogéologiques du fait de la confusion entre "infiltration" et "recharge". C'est ainsi que la loi laisse entendre que l'infiltration à partir des lits de rivières le long du champ captant central favorise la recharge de cette zone. En réalité, les différences de perméabilité entre les alluvions du lit et les dépôts sous-jacents remplissant le bassin peuvent provoquer un écoulement sous-jacent. En outre, même si une recharge par l'eau de la rivière Colorado se produit dans cette zone, la nappe sera progressivement salifiée. Les restrictions imposées par la loi quant à l'utilisation de l'eau de la station centrale d'Arizona affectent les quatre outils réglementaires du Code des eaux souterraines de l'Arizona de 1980, en ce qu'ils concernent la zone de gestion active de Tucson: (a) l'augmentation de l'approvisionnement; (b) les conditions requises pour les prélèvements d'eau souterraine et les autorisations; (c) les conditions requises pour le plan de gestion, en particulier la pérennité du concessionnaire et les résultats en matière de qualité de l'eau; et (d) la condition que tous les nouveaux districts aient recours à des ressources en eau renouvelables à la place de l'eau souterraine. Les demandes concernant la mise en oeuvre de la loi ont conduit jusqu'à l'arrêt des activités normales des instances politiques.
    Abstract: Resumen El Acta de Protección de los Usuarios de Agua de Tucson, Arizona (EE.UU.) de 1995 (el Acta) se aprobó a raíz de las quejas de los usuarios de agua de Tucson que recibían agua tratada por el Proyecto de Arizona Central (CAP). Las consecuencias del Acta demuestran las incertidumbres y dificultades que se producen cuando se le pide al público que vote sobre temas muy técnicos. Los requerimientos de recarga del Acta desprecian incertidumbres hidrogeológicas al confundir entre "infiltración" y "recarga". Así, el Acta dice que la infiltración en los canales de los arroyos a lo largo del Campo de Producción Central aumentará la recarga a dicho campo. De hecho, la diferencia de permeabilidad entre el canal aluvial y los depósitos de relleno subyacentes puede provocar descarga subyacente. Además, incluso si el Río Colorado recargase este Campo Central, el agua subterránea se salinizaría progresivamente. Las restricciones del Acta sobre el uso del agua del CAP afectan los cuatro mecanismos legales del Código de Aguas Subterráneas de Arizona de 1980 relacionados con el Área de Gestión Activa de Tucson: (a) aumento del suministro; (b) requisitos y permisos para la extracción de aguas subterráneas; (c) necesidades del Plan de Gestión, particularmente la conservación obligatoria y temas de calidad de aguas; y (d) la obligación de que todas las nuevas subdivisiones usen agua con suministro renovable en lugar de subterránea. Como problemas adicionales se incluye la perturbación de las actividades políticas normales como consecuencia de las demandas para aprobar y poner en marcha el Acta.
    Notes: Abstract  The 1995 Water Consumer Protection Act of Tucson, Arizona, USA (hereafter known as the Act) was passed following complaints from Tucson Water customers receiving treated Central Arizona Project (CAP) water. Consequences of the Act demonstrate the uncertainties and difficulties that arise when the public is asked to vote on a highly technical issue. The recharge requirements of the Act neglect hydrogeological uncertainties because of confusion between "infiltration" and "recharge." Thus, the Act implies that infiltration in stream channels along the Central Wellfield will promote recharge in the Central Wellfield. In fact, permeability differences between channel alluvium and underlying basin-fill deposits may lead to subjacent outflow. Additionally, even if recharge of Colorado River water occurs in the Central Wellfield, groundwater will become gradually salinized. The Act's restrictions on the use of CAP water affect the four regulatory mechanisms in Arizona's 1980 Groundwater Code as they relate to the Tucson Active Management Area: (a) supply augmentation; (b) requirements for groundwater withdrawals and permitting; (c) Management Plan requirements, particularly mandatory conservation and water-quality issues; and (d) the requirement that all new subdivisions use renewable water supplies in lieu of groundwater. Political fallout includes disruption of normal governmental activities because of the demands in implementing the Act.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1998-06-22
    Print ISSN: 1431-2174
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1966-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0017-467X
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-6584
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1976-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0017-467X
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-6584
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1970-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0017-467X
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-6584
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1971-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1093-474X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-1688
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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