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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; Description; Event label; HALCSR-A; HALCSR-B; HAM; Hammer; Identification; Mina el Frances, Costa Rica; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Punta Conchal, Costa Rica; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Size
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 14 data points
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Halbach, Peter; Gursky, H J; Gursky, M M; Schmidt-Effing, R; Maresch, W V (1992): Composition and formation of fossil manganese nodules in Jurassic to Cretaceous radiolarites from the Nicoya Ophiolite Complex (NW Costa Rica). Mineralium Deposita, 27(2), 153-160, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197101
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Horizons of several types of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous manganese nodules occur locally in sequences of radiolarian cherts within the Nicoya Ophiolite Complex (NW Costa Rica). Field studies, X-ray diffraction analysis, petrographic, chemical and experimental studies give evidence of a sedimentary, early diagenetic origin of the nodules, in contrast to earlier suggestions. Smooth, discoidal, compact and very dense nodules with diameters of some mm to 9 cm dominate. They are characterized by braunite, hollandite, pyrolusite and quartz as well as 39-61% Mn, 0.9-1.6% Fe, 5-26% SiO2, 1.3-1.9% Al2O3, 1.5-3.0% Ba, 460-5400 ppm Cu, 85-340 ppm Ni and 40-130 ppm Co, among others. It is suggested that the original mineralogy (todorokite?) was altered during thermometamorphic (braunite) and hydrothermal (hollandite. pyrolusite) events. Petrographic similarities between the fossil nodules and modern deep-sea nodules are striking. Using standard hydrothermal techniques in an experimental study it is shown that under special conditions, braunite can be produced from modern nodule material.
    Keywords: NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Keywords: Aluminium oxide; Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS); Barium; Calcium oxide; Cobalt; Copper; Event label; HALCSR-A; HALCSR-B; HAM; Hammer; Identification; Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES); Iron; Magnesium oxide; Manganese; Mina el Frances, Costa Rica; Nickel; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Punta Conchal, Costa Rica; Silicon dioxide; Titanium dioxide; X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 48 data points
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 64 (1975), S. 846-883 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An unequivocal interpretation of the paleotectonic history of the Caribbean area, especially in modem plate tectonic terms, has not been possible despite recent advances in our geophysical and marine-geological unterstanding of the region. To fulfil this goal, a more detailed knowledge will be required not only of the nature of the crust and sediments of the Caribbean Sea, but also of the geology and metamorphic history of the surrounding continents and islands (i. e. “plate margins“). In this report, a detailed geological map of northeastern Margarita Island is presented, an island that occupies a key geological and tectonic position at the southeastern margin of the Caribbean Sea. The study focusses on a 2,000–3,000 meters thick sequence of metabasalts, herein defined as the La Rinconada Group, that conformably underlies Jurassic to Cretaceous metasediments of the Caribbean Mountain System of northern South America, but is not exposed on the mainland. These mafic rocks, which are interlayered with minor, siliceous, carbonaceous schists, have been metamorphosed under relatively highp vs. T conditions to amphibole gneisses containing barroisitic amphibole throughout and omphacite as well asin situ amphibole-paragonite eclogite in suitable bulk compositions in the nothern part of the area mapped. Found within the amphibole gneisses are many irregular, elongate masses of ultramafic rock from several meters to several kilometers in length, as well as numerous intrusions of granite to tonalite composition. The ultramafic rocks are highly serpentinized and deformed, and are surrounded by extensive talc, tremolite-actinolite, and chlorite metasomatic contact-reaction zones. Tonalités are the most abundant intrusives and are predominantly totally metamorphosed.
    Abstract: Résumé Malgré les progrès récents des études de géophysiques et d'océanographie géologique dans les zones CaraÏbes, on n'a pas donné jusqu'à présent d'interprétation satisfaisante de l'histoire paléotectonique de cette région, qui tienne compte en particulier des idées modernes sur la tectonique des plaques. Pour atteindre ce but, il faudrait connaÎtre de faÇon plus détaillée, la nature de la croûte et des sédiments de la mer des CaraÏbes, et l'histoire géologique et métamorphique des continents et des Îles environnants («bordures de plaques»). On trouvera dans cette étude, une carte géologique détaillée de la partie nord-orientale de l'Île Marguerite, une Île qui occupe une position-clef, à la bordure sud-est de la mer des CaraÏbes. On y a mis en évidence une séquence (désignée sous le nom de Groupe de La Rinconada) de 2000 à 3000 m de puissance de métabasaltes, sur laquelle reposent en concordance des métasediments jurassiques et crétacés, qui affleurent aussi dans la cordillère des CaraÏbes du Vénézuéla; notons que le Groupe de La Rinconada n'affleure pas sur le continent. Ces roches basiques, dans lesquelles s'intercalent quelques passées de schistes siliceux et graphiteux, ont été affectées par un épisode métamorphique au cours duquel le rapport pression/température était relativement élevé. Elles se sont transformées en gneiss à amphibole barroisitique. Dans la partie septentrionale apparaÎt, avec l'augmentation du degré de métamorphisme, l'omphacite dans les gneiss, et des éclogites à amphibole et paragonite. Au sein des gneiss à amphibole, on a trouvé de nombreuses lentilles de roches ultrabasiques, lentilles de forme irrégulière et de longueur très variable (de quelques mètres à quelques kilomètres). Ces ultrabasites très déformées et serpentinisées, sont entourées d'auréoles de réaction métasomatique concentrique à talc, tremolite-actinote et chlorite. Les roches intrusives les plus fréquentes sont des tonalités, totalement métamorphosées, mais il existe aussi quelques intrusions granitiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine eindeutige Darstellung des tektonischen Werdegangs des karibischen Raumes, besonders im Rahmen der modernen Plattentektonik, ist z. Z. trotz neuerer Fortschritte in bezug auf Geophysik und Meeresgeologie noch nicht möglich. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden zusätzliche Kenntnisse nicht nur von den Eigenschaften der Kruste und den Sedimenten unter dem Karibischen Meer, sondern im hohen Ma\e auch von der Geologie und Metamorphose der umliegenden Kontinente und Inseln (d. h. „Plattengrenzen“) benötigt. Es wird eine detaillierte geologische Karte von dem nordöstlichen Teil der Insel Margarita vorgelegt, die geologisch sowie tektonisch eine Schlüsselstellung im Südosten des Karibischen Meeres einnimmt. In dem kartierten Gebiet sind 2000 bis 3000 m einer mächtigen Serie von Metabasalten aufgeschlossen, die als La Rinconada-Gruppe bezeichnet wird. Obwohl sie eine wichtige Einheit des Caribbean-Mountain-Systems von Venezuela ist und konkordant von dessen jurassisch-kretazischen Metasedimenten überlagert wird, tritt sie auf dem Festland nicht zutage. Diese basischen Gesteine, in die geringfügig kieselige und kohlenstoffreiche Glimmerschiefer eingeschaltet sind, wurden unter Bedingungen mit einem relativ hohen Druck zu Temperatur-Verhältnis regionalmetamorph zu Gneisen mit barroisitischem Amphibol kristallisiert. Daneben kommt im nördlichen Teil des Gebietes, bedingt durch die aufsteigende Metamorphose, Omphazit in den regionalen Gneisen sowie in amphibol- und paragonitführenden Eklogiten vor. Ultramafite bilden unregelmä\ige, mehrere Meter bis Kilometer lange Linsen, die die basischen Gesteine durchsetzen. Diese Körper sind meist stark serpentinisiert und umgeben von metasomatischen Reaktionsräumen aus Talk, Tremolit-Aktinolith und Chlorit. Bei den Intrusivgesteinen überwiegen tonalitische Orthogneise neben Graniten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 321 (1986), S. 510-511 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During a recent high-pressure investigation of the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (MASH) aimed at synthesizing a Ti-free ellenbergerite3, reflections were encountered in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern that did not fit any of the known crystalline phases of the MASH system, nor could they be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 296 (1982), S. 731-732 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Winchite was identified in an amphibole-eclogite found in talus near El Valle del Espiritu Santo, Margarita Island, Venezuela (6353'10" W, 1058'55"N; Venezuela grid ref. no. 40322142). Field relationships of similar occurrences on Margarita indicate that the eclogite is a metabasalt pod in ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 105 (1990), S. 162-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The mineral chemistry of cordierites from three different sanidinite facies localities-1) volcanic xenoliths from the Eifel, Germany; 1) buchites of the Blaue Kuppe, Germany; 3) paralavas from the Bokaro coalfield, India-is characterized by unusually high potassium contents up to 1.71 wt%, equivalent to 0.22 K atoms per formula unit (p.f.u.) based on 18 oxygens. Significantly, these cordierites are either hexagonal highcordierites (indialites) with Δ=0 or exhibit intermediate Δ-values 0〈Δ〈0.20 relative to well Al,Si-ordered orthorhombic low-cordierite. Based on microprobe analyses, the predominant substitutional mechanism for alkali incorporation is Alk[Channel]+Al[4] for □+Si[4], thus leading to Al/Si-ratios deviating considerably from the value 4:5 in ideal cordierite M2[Al4Si5O18]. The most highly substituted cordierite from Blaue Kuppe is about (K0.22Na0.07)[Ch](Mg1.33Fe 0.66 2+ )[6][Al4.16Si4.79O18]. Bokaro cordierites are further characterized by obvious (Al+Si)-deficiencies against the ideal value of 9.0 p.f.u., a tendency of which is apparent in most Blaue Kuppe analyses as well. As the tetrahedral deficiencies are often equivalent to excess cations in the octahedra, we assume that ferric iron fills up the remaining tetrahedral sites, again linked with the introduction of potassium according to K+Fe3+ for □+Si. In comparison with the available experimental data, these natural potassic cordierites are considered stable high-temperature phases regarding their compositions, but not their structural states. Although the substitution KAl for Si in Mg-cordierite is known to lower the maximum Δ-value to be attained, the hexagonal nature of the cordierites must be due to very rapid crystallization and subsequent quenching. The higher Δ-values of the Blaue Kuppe cordierites might be caused by their topotactic origin from preexisting biotite. The complicated twin and domain patterns of the hexagonal Eifel and Bokaro cordierites as observed in thin section could perhaps be attributed to structural modulations as postulated recently for hexagonal cordierite shortly after its growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 55 (1976), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The polymorphic transformation between synthetic pyroxmangite and rhodonite of MnSiO3 composition has been reversibly bracketed in the presence of water at 3 kbar (between 425 ° and 450 ° C), 6 kbar (between 475 ° and 525 ° C), 20 kbar (between 500 ° and 900 ° C), 25 kbar (between 800 ° and 900 ° C) and 30 kbar (between 900 ° and 1,000 ° C), using standard cold-seal pressure vessels and piston cylinder apparatus. Oxygen fugacities buffered by the bomb walls and piston-cylinder cell assemblies sufficed to keep manganese in the divalent state. Pyroxmangite of MnSiO3 composition is shown to be the high-pressure, low-temperature polymorph with respect to rhodonite of the same composition. It is a stable phase at atmospheric pressure below 350–405 ° C. X-ray data for synthetic pyroxmangite are presented. The unit-cell parameters (a0=6.717(2) Å, b0=7.603(1)Å, c0=17.448(5) Å, α=113 °50′(1′), β= 82 °21′(2′), γ=94 °43′(1′); space group P-1) give a unit-cell volume (807.5(0.3) Å3) which, in accordance with other recent least squares lattice refinements of hydrothermally synthesized material, is slightly smaller than that obtained by single-crystal work on anhydrously synthesized material. Application of the present results to natural rocks is severely restricted due to the great variety and extent of cationic substitutions observed in natural pyroxenoids. The univariant polymorphic transformation determined for the MnSiO3 composition is thus replaced in natural systems by a divariant field in which pyroxmangite and rhodonite of differing composition will stably coexist.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 111 (1992), S. 484-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The microstructural and X-ray diffraction characteristics of natural K-bearing cordierites in buchites (Blaue Kuppe, Germany), and paralavas (Bokaro, India) are compared to those of three suites of synthetic, K-bearing Mg-cordierite, studied after annealing glasses of the requisite compositions for durations between 5 min and 255 days at 1,290° C and 1 bar. In analogy to pure Mg-cordierite, hexagonal high-cordierite initially crystallizes from the glass and subsequently transforms to orthorhombic low-cordierite. After annealing for 30–60 min, the crystals develop tweed-structure. With prolonged annealing, the pattern coarsens and develops into lamellar twinning. Higher K-contents favour earlier development of tweed-contrast. Distortion indices Δ obtained by X-ray powder diffraction show a sharp initial increase of Δ with annealing time, followed by a levelling off after approximately 10 h. Higher K-contents delay this initial increase, and decrease drastically the maximum distortion index that can be attained. The contrasting observations with respect to increasing K-content are due to the different levels of information yielded by TEM and X-ray diffraction. Analyses of electron diffraction patterns indicate that the metric state of individual crystals in any single sample annealed for more than one hour is highly heterogeneous, while no compositional differences could be detected. Hexagonal and variously distored crystals coexist. Thus “intermediate structural states” of cordierite in the classical sense are shown to exist, although “intermediate” distortion indices obtained by routine X-ray powder diffraction are largely due to a summation effect over such structurally heterogeneous populations. Although distinct differences in microstructure between the synthetic and the natural Fe2+-bearing cordierites exist, the Bokaro samples most closely resemble the early (1–10 h) tweed-structure of the synthetic products, whereas the Blaue Kuppe samples are comparable to a more mature (1–3 days) stage. It is thus concluded that the cordierite-bearing Bokaro paralavas cooled considerably faster than the Blaue Kuppe buchites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seeded, solid-media piston-cylinder runs of unusually long duration up to 31 days indicate growth or persistence of synthetic gedrite of the composition □Mg6Al[AlSi7O22](OH)2(=6:1:7), prepared from the purest chemicals available, at 10 kbar water pressure and 800 °C. Conversely, breakdown was observed at 11 kbar and 850 °C to aluminous enstatite, Al2SiO5, and a melt of the composition MgO·Al2O3·8SiO2. Thus, pure gedrite free of iron, sodium, and calcium is likely to have only a small PT stability field in the MASH system, estimated as 10 ± 1 kbar, 800 ± 20 °C, even though metastable growth of gedrite can be observed over a larger PT range. A second starting material with the anhydrous composition 5MgO · 2Al2O3 · 6SiO2 also yielded gedrite of the composition 6:1:7, together with more aluminous phases such as kyanite, corundum or sapphirine, thus suggesting that the end-member gedrite defined as □Mg5Al2[Al2Si6O22](OH)2(=5:2:6) by the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names probably does not exist. With the use of this second starting material, which contains FeNaCa impurities, growth of 6:1:7-gedrite was observed over a still wider PT-range. Seeded runs indicate that the true stability field of such slightly impure 6:1:7-gedrites may also be larger than that of the pure MASH phase and extend at least to 15 kbar, 800 °C. There is, thus, a remarkable stabilization effect on the orthoamphibole structure by impurities amounting only to a total of less than one weight percent of oxides in the starting material. The gedrites synthesized are structurally well ordered amphiboles nearly free of chain multiplicity faults, as revealed by HRTEM. The X-ray diffraction work on the gedrites synthesized yielded the smallest cell volume yet reported for this phase. The small stability field of the pure MASH gedrite is intersected by the upper pressure stability limit of hydrous cordierite for excess-H2O conditions, thus leading to complicated phase relations for both gedrite and cordierite involving the additional phases aluminous enstatite, talc, quartz, Al2SiO5, melt and perhaps boron-free kornerupine.
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