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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser direct writing of oxide structures on hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 3013-3015 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A focused laser beam has been used to induce oxidation of hydrogen-passivated silicon. The scanning laser beam removes the hydrogen passivation locally from the silicon surface, which immediately oxidizes in air. The process has been studied as a function of power density and excitation wavelength on amorphous and crystalline silicon surfaces in order to determine the depassivation mechanism. The minimum linewidth achieved is about 450 nm using writing speeds of up to 100 mm/s. The process is fully compatible with local oxidation of silicon by scanning probe lithography. Wafer-scale patterns can be generated by laser direct oxidation and complemented with nanometer resolution by scanning probe techniques. The combined micro- and nanoscale pattern can be transferred to the silicon in a single etching step by either wet or dry etching techniques. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116823
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-Fertile Doubled Haploid Plants of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 110 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The self-fertility of chromosome-doubled haploid lines of perennial ryegrass and their first (I1) and second (I2) generation selfed offspring was studied. The overall seed set was low, 0—0.4 seeds per spike, as would be expected for chromosome-doubled haploids of a self-incompatible species. Nevertheless, significant genetic variation was observed for self-fertility within three of the six lines studied. Within one line, three I2-clones showed increased self-fertility, while in two other lines one and three I1-clones, respectively, showed significantly increased self-fertility. Selection, during selfing, of rare pollen grains with mutations in the self-incompatibility system could explain the observed changes and would lead to a general breakdown of self-incompatibility in Lolium perenne during repeated selfing of chromosome-doubled haploids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1993.tb00596.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of anther-culture response in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 114 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Genetic control of the capacity to respond to anther culture in perennial ryegrass was studied in F1 offspring from crosses between 11 clones selected for anther-culture response (‘inducers’) and 10 clones selected from breeding material on the basis of good agronomic performance. Large differences in anther-culture response were observed between the two types of parent, with inducer clones producing an average of 10.7 green plants per 100 anthers, compared with only 0.3 for breeding clones. Hybrid populations produced an average of 2.2 green plants per 100 plated anthers, which is 7.3 times the response of the breeding material. This improvement was mainly due to a 9.4-fold increase in the percentage of green plants regenerated from hybrid populations to 4.7% compared to an average of 0.5% from breeding clones. Most of the GCA (general combining ability) in the experiment was contributed by the breeding material, constituting 55.8, 100.0 and 36.7% of genetic variation among hybrids for embryo formation, regeneration and green plant percentage, respectively. Any remaining genetic variation among hybrids was predominantly due to SCA (specific combining ability) effects, with percentages of 44.2 and 63.3%, respectively, for embryo and green plant formation. These results are discussed with respect to the possible exploitation of genes controlling anther-culture response for haploid production in breeding programmes of perennial ryegrass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1995.tb00783.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces by scanning near-field optical lithography using uncoated and aluminum-coated fiber probes (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optically induced oxidation of hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces using a scanning near-field optical microscope was achieved with both uncoated and aluminum-coated fiber probes. Line scans on amorphous silicon using uncoated fiber probes display a three-peak profile after etching in potassium hydroxide. Numerical simulations of the electromagnetic field around the probe–sample interaction region are used to explain the experimental observations. With an aluminum-coated fiber probe, lines of 35 nm in width were transferred into the amorphous silicon layer. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365847
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-course effects of repetitive oestradiol-17β and thyroxine injections on the natural spring smolting of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 35 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The impact of thyroxine and oestradiol injections on the smolting process of Salmo salar was investigated over 39 days. The increase in the degree of silvering was advanced by thyroxine but inhibited by oestradiol, as compared to controls. Oestradiol treatment increased the level of total calcium in the plasma, the hepatosomatic index and the concentration of RNA in the liver, indicating the induction of vitellogenin synthesis. The level of plasma chloride and protein in the liver remained unchanged in all experimental groups. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was low initially in the control fish, but increased steadily during the 39 days. The enzyme activity was advanced in the thyroxine-treated fish, but inhibited by oestradiol. Gill chloride cell number increased in control fish and in the thyroxine-treated fish until 25 days after the hormone treatment was initiated. Oestradiol-treatment induced a lower chloride cell number on days 25 and 39. Altogether the present study demonstrates a reciprocal action of exogenous thyroxine and oestradiol during smolting in S. salar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03398.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma ionic regulation and gill Na+/K+-ATPase changes during rapid transfer to sea water of yearling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: time course and seasonal variation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 34 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Danish rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, (40–65 g) were transferred to 28%o sea water at intervals throughout the early spring and summer. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase of fish kept in fresh water surged distinctly during May. Simultaneously, a body silvering occurred and plasma concentrations of Cl−, Na+ and total thyroxine (T4) decreased. The seawater transfer-induced adaptive response in plasma electrolytes comprised a biphasic change, i.e., an adjustive peak phase and a regulatory phase lasting for 2 days and 1 week after transfer, respectively. Further, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased to a new level after an initial lag phase of 2–3 days, but electrolyte regulation was mostly initiated prior to the adaptive change in ATPase activity. In spite of increasing pre-transfer freshwater Na+/K+-ATPase activity during the spring, the electrolyte peak level, the degree of muscle dehydration and the mortality of fish transferred to sea water increased from April to July. The apparent uncoupling of freshwater Na+/K+-ATPase activity and plasma electrolyte regulation in sea water is discussed in relation to smelting and prediction of hypo-osmoregulatory performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03367.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of micreosatellite markers for identification of indigenous brown trout in a geographical region heavily influenced by stocked domensticated trout (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 58 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Based on estimates of genetic differentiation between populations, assignment tests and analysis of isolation by distance, stocked populations of brown trout Salmo trutta of Funen Island, Denmark, had been genetically affected by domesticated trout, whereas the stocking of wild exogenous trout into one of the rivers had little or no impact. At the same time, there were clear indications of remaining indigenous gene pools in the Funen populations. The management implications of these findings are discussed and changes in trout release activity are recommended to avoid further mixing of trout gene pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02279.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differences in physiology, growth hormone levels and migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon smolts (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 59 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Out of five strains of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar of 1+ years released upstream of a fyke net in the River Gudenaa in 1996, three, Lagan, Ätran and Corrib, migrated immediately, 50% of the recaptured fish reaching the net in 3–6 days. Burrishoole and Conon fish migrated with a 15–19 day delay. Smolt development in 1997 at the hatchery showed a spring surge in gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in all strains which was correlated with increased seawater tolerance. Differences in the timing of gill enzyme development matched the observed migration pattern well. Lagan, Ätran and Corrib strains reached high enzyme activity earlier than the Burrishoole and Conon strains, and strains with delayed enzyme development and migration showed a delayed regression of seawater tolerance compared with the early strains. Inter-strain differences in plasma growth hormone profiles could not be related to the observed patterns of Na+, K+-ATPase and seawater tolerance development. The study gives evidence of genetic influence on the timing and intensity of smolting and subsequent migration in Atlantic salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02336.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-migratory differentiation of wild brown trout into migrant and resident individuals (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In February to March, wild brown trout Salmo trutta were captured by electrofishing in a natural watercourse (tributaries of the River Lille Aa, Denmark), individually tagged (Passive Integrated Transponders), and released. Representatives of the tagged brown trout were recaptured on the release sites in April by electrofishing and eventually caught in downstream smolt traps (‘migrants’) placed in the main river or by electrofishing (‘residents’) on the initial sites in June. Upon each capture, smolt appearance and body size were evaluated, and a non-lethal gill biopsy was taken and used for Na+,K+-ATPase analysis. Based on repetitive gill enzyme analysis in individual fish, a retrospective analysis of the rate of development in individual brown trout ultimately classified as migrants or residents was performed. Two months prior to migration, a bimodal morphological and physiological (gill Na+,K+-ATPase) development concurred and was related to the subsequent differentiation into resident and migratory fractions of each population. This differentiation was unrelated to growth rate and body size of individual fish but skewed in favour of migratory females. Individuals destined to become migrants developed a smolt-like appearance before the onset of migration and had higher rate of change of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than fish remaining residents. The rate of change of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was independent of the distance migrated to the trap (3–28 km). Thus in bimodal wild brown trout populations a major increase in enzyme activity takes place before migration is initiated and is a characteristic of migratory individuals only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00237.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in branchial and intestinal osmoregulatory mechanisms and growth hormone levels during smolting in hatchery-reared and wild brown trout (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Evidence of smolting was studied in Danish hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo trutta L. Twenty-four hour seawater (SW) challenge tests (28‰, 10°C) at regular intervals showed that maximal hypo-osmoregulatory ability developed within a 3–4-week period in March and April. The improved ability to regulate plasma osmolality, muscle water content and plasma total [Mg] developed asynchronously, indicating that developmental changes in the gill, the gastrointestinal system and the kidney may not necessarily concur during smolting. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity peaked in April at the time of optimal hypo-osmoregulatory ability. Na+, K+-ATPase a -subunit mRNA level in gills was unchanged from January until April, but decreased in May in parallel with a decrease in the activity of the enzyme. In the middle region of the intestine, Na+, K+-ATPase activity increased in February and remained high until April. In the posterior region of the intestine, the activity was stable from January until April after which it decreased. In vitro fluid transport capacitity, Jv, in the middle intestine fluctuated throughout the spring. In the posterior intestine, Jv was low until late March, when it increased fivefold until early May. Drinking rate in fish transferred to SW for 24 h surged during spring. Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the pyloric caeca was elevated from March until May, and increased in response to SW transfer in June, suggesting a hypo-osmoregulatory function of the pyloric caeca. Plasma GH levels surged in FW trout during spring, concurring with the increase in gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity and SW tolerance, but peaked in May when gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity and SW tolerance were regressing. GH levels were generally low in SW-challenged fish, and there was no consistent effect of 24-h SW exposure on GH levels. In wild anadromous trout, gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity varied seasonally as in hatchery-reared fish, but peaked at higher levels suggesting a more intense smolting in fish living in their natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb02034.x
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