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  • 1
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    Ecology. North Atlantic right whales in crisis (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kraus, Scott D -- Brown, Moira W -- Caswell, Hal -- Clark, Christopher W -- Fujiwara, Masami -- Hamilton, Philip K -- Kenney, Robert D -- Knowlton, Amy R -- Landry, Scott -- Mayo, Charles A -- McLellan, William A -- Moore, Michael J -- Nowacek, Douglas P -- Pabst, D Ann -- Read, Andrew J -- Rolland, Rosalind M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):561-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Edgerton Research Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110-3399, USA. skraus@neaq.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Mortality ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Public Policy ; Reproduction ; Ships ; *Whales/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DIVERSITY WITHIN AND BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DNA sequences of the mitochondrial control region of 180 North Atlantic right whales (Euhalaena glacialis) and 16 South Atlantic right whales (E. australis) have been determined using a combination of direct DNA sequencing and single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Five haplotypes were found in E. glacialis, and 10 in E. australis, but none were shared, supporting the reproductive isolation and separate species status of the North and South Atlantic right whales. One haplotype in E, glacialis was found in only three males born before 1982 and this matriline will likely be lost soon. The nucleotide diversity estimates for the five North Atlantic right whale haplotypes was 0.6% and 2.0% for the 10 haplotypes found in the South Atlantic right whales. The average haplotypic diversity was 0.87 in E. glacialis and 0.96 in E. australis, which is consistent with other studies showing a lower level of genetic variation in the North Atlantic right whale. Phylogenetic analysis identified two major assemblages of haplotypes in E. australis from the samples collected from Peninsula Valdes, suggesting a mixing of two historically divergent populations. Using genetic distance measurements with a divergence rate of 0.5%–1.0%/myr, we estimate E. glacialis diverged from E. australis 3–12.5 mya.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00950.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STUDY OF SHORT CRACK GROWTH IN TORSIONAL LOW CYCLE FATIGUE FOR A MEDIUM CARBON STEEL (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of short crack growth for a medium carbon steel in low cycle torsional fatigue has been carried out in order to measure crack length and derive growth laws. Comparison with a previous analysis of uniaxial tests in low cycle fatigue for the same material provides a tentative basis for formulating an equivalent stress approach to describe uniquely the propagation of short cracks under multiaxial stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1986.tb01208.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN ANALYSIS OF MEAN STRESS IN MULTIAXIAL RANDOM FATIGUE (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Generally engineering components are subjected to multiaxial variable amplitude loading, which may be non-proportional. One of the best known low cycle fatigue design codes that addresses non-proportional loading problems is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, but this does not include a cycle counting method and it does not allow for the presence of a mean stress. Traditional rainflow methods, incorporating a strain range and a mean stress, are applicable only where there is a single load varying with respect to time, or possibly where multiaxial loads are proportional. So a multiaxial non-proportional cycle counting method and a fatigue damage calculation procedure are proposed here, based on plastic deformation response and a critical plane hypothesis that incorporates the effect of mean stress. A cyclic deformation model, based on the Ramberg-Osgood equation and a multiaxial memory rule, is used to calculate the mean stress response under variable amplitude loading.The proposed procedure is assessed with combined tension/torsion tests on En15R steel under variable amplitude loading. Fatigue life predictions are compared for analysis with and without mean stress corrections, to assess the sensitivity to mean stresses of non-proportional fatigue endurance in the low cycle regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00970.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHORT CRACK COALESCENCE AND GROWTH IN 316 STAINLESS STEEL SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC AND TIME DEPENDENT DEFORMATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A study has been undertaken into short crack growth behaviour of AISI type 316 stainless steel under creep-fatigue conditions at 550°C within the high strain range of 0.9 to 2.5% and including a 60 min hold-time. During the high-temperature, reverse-bending tests, surface crack initiation and growth on both the tensile-hold and the compressive-hold sides of circular-section specimens were monitored by means of a plastic replication technique. Detailed analysis revealed that under creep-fatigue conditions, the initiation and growth behaviour of many individual cracks and their subsequent coalescence to form a major Stage II (tensile) crack was the dominant feature in the failure process. A life prediction model is proposed which incorporates the process of short crack coalescence. Satisfactory predictions of creep-fatigue lifetimes are derived from the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1995.tb00866.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A PATH-INDEPENDENT PARAMETER FOR FATIGUE UNDER PROPORTIONAL AND NON-PROPORTIONAL LOADING (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 16 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A path-independent multiaxial fatigue damage criterion is proposed based on critical plane concepts: fatigue crack growth is controlled by the maximum shear strain, and an important secondary effect is due to the normal strain excursion over one reversal of the maximum shear strain. The effect of loading path on fatigue endurance is quantified by the normal strain excursion. Only one multiaxial material constant is required in the model which can be determined from uniaxial test data plus one torsional result. The parameter can be easily integrated with a shear strain-life relationship to predict low cycle fatigue lifetime. Experimental data of four different materials: En15R steel, 1% Cr-Mo-V steel, 304 stainless steel, and 316 stainless steel at two temperatures were used to verify the criterion. It is shown that the proposed parameter can satisfactorily correlate test results for various proportional and non-proportional straining paths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1993.tb00739.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH FROM A CIRCULAR NOTCH UNDER HIGH LEVELS OF BIAXIAL STRESS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 15 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A series of experiments have been conducted on cruciform specimens to investigate fatigue crack growth from circular notches under high levels of biaxial stress. Two stress levels (Δσ1= 380 and 560 MPa) and five stress biaxialities (λ=+1.0, +0.5, 0, −0.5 and −1.0; where λ=σ2/σ1 were adopted in the fatigue tests in type 316 stainless steel having a monotonic yield strength of 243 MPa. The results reveal that fatigue crack growth rates are markedly influenced by both the stress amplitude and the stress biaxiality. A modified model has been developed to describe fatigue crack growth under high levels of biaxial stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1992.tb01256.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A REVIEW OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN STEELS UNDER MIXED MODE I AND II LOADING (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 15 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The majority of methods for predicting the direction of propagation of mixed mode cracks have assumed that they branch to grow as mode I cracks. However, under some circumstances mode II crack growth occurs. Rolling contact fatigue cracks are one example of an industrial problem where cracks appear to grow under predominantly mode II loading without branching. This paper reviews the available models and the experimental studies in the literature on mixed mode I and II loading, and discusses the parameters that affect the mode of crack growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1992.tb00025.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPUTER AIDED MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE TESTING (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 13 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes a microcomputer system that controls a multiaxial fatigue test facility. The system involves interface hardware, command control units, data acquisition units, and associated software for data processing, setting-up of test procedures and system monitoring. Without such a microcomputer system it would be impossible to acquire and analyse the vast amount of data generated by multiaxial fatigue tests, but perhaps more important, it would be impossible to control and monitor the important parameters that govern fatigue fracture behaviour of metals. This is particularly true for complex tests in which waveform shapes and out-of-phase angles can be changed during the course of a test. Finally, such a facility permits for the first time a detailed investigation of the effects of anisotropy on the deformation and fracture behaviour of metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1990.tb00609.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREDICTION OF THE LENGTH OF NON-PROPAGATING FATIGUE CRACKS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 10 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Non-propagating cracks have been observed at notch roots by several workers. A simple linear elastic fracture mechanics model based on the Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram is presented in this paper to predict the occurrence and length of non-propagating cracks. Predicted crack lengths are compared with experimental data taken from the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1987.tb00477.x
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