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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; drimane ; feeding behaviour ; sensory response ; structure-activity relationship ; neural code ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen drimane compounds were tested for their feeding inhibiting activity in larvae of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) when applied to leaf material of the host plant Brassica oleracea L. The antifeedant efficacy of the drimanes was related to their molecular structure in order to identify important functional groups. Of the drimanes tested, those with a lactone group on the B-ring were the most effective feeding inhibitors. Additionally, the sensory responses to 13 of the drimanes were measured. Neural activity was evoked in the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum. Also, inhibition of sensory responses to feeding stimulants was found. Results of behavioural and electrophysiological tests were correlated in an attempt to elucidate the sensory code underlying feeding inhibition by drimanes in Pieris brassicae. It was concluded that the response of the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum contributes significantly to inhibition of feeding behaviour in larvae of Pieris brassicae.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 201-202 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; Colorado potato beetle ; drimane ; feeding behaviour ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among the drimane compounds tested, the dialdehydes polygodial and warburganal were the most active as antifeedants against Colorado potato beetle larvae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in a dual-choice assay with potato, Solanum tuberosum L., leaf discs. Lactones were less effective. Direct observations showed that decreased feeding on leaf discs treated with polygodial and warburganal was accompanied by increased locomotry activity. Topical application of these two compounds on the insect's cuticle decreased food intake of untreated leaf discs, indicating that besides deterrent effects, toxic properties of these molecules influence feeding behaviour.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; tritrophic interactions ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; Cotesia ; kairomones ; headspace ; GC-MS ; chemical composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Headspace composition, collected from intact cabbage plants and cabbage plants infested with eitherPieris brassicae L. orP. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) first instar larvae, was determined by GC-MS. Twenty-one volatiles were identified in the headspace of intact plants. Twenty-two volatiles were identified in the headspace of plants infested byP. brassicae larvae, 2 of which, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate and Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate, were not detected in the headspace of either intact orP. rapae damaged plants. In the headspace of the latter, 21 compounds were identified, all of which which were also produced by intact plants. No significant quantitative differences were found between headspace composition of the plants damaged by one or the other caterpillar species. Major differences between intact and caterpillar-damaged plants in contribution to the headspace profile were revealed for hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, sabinene and 1,8-cineole. The larval endoparasitoidCotesia glomerata L. was attracted by the volatiles emanating fromB. oleracea damaged byP. brassicae first instar larvae.C. rubecula L., a specialized larval endoparasitoids ofP. rapae, was attracted by the volatiles released from theB. oleracea-P. rapae plant-host complex. This shows that cabbage plants kept under the conditions of headspace collection produce attractive volatiles for both parasitoids.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nutrition ; utilization ; efficiency ; growth ; metabolism ; energy ; respirometry ; Pieris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: azadirachtin ; antibiosis ; systemic uptake ; translocation ; Pieris brassicae ; bioassay ; performance ; behaviour ; Brassica oleracea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Petioles of intact cabbage leaves were placed in azadirachtin solutions for 24 h. Azadirachtin or active metabolites of this compound appeared to be translocated systemically as performance of first instar larvae ofPieris brassicae L. placed on disks from those leaves was affected. The position within a leaf from which disks were excised did not affect the extent of these effects, indicating a homogeneous distribution of active compounds in the laminar tissue. At doses ranging from 1–10 ppm of azadirachtin in the solution taken up by the leaves, gain of larval fresh weight and leaf area consumed were reduced. These effects were dose dependent up to 60–90 ppm. At 10 ppm and higher doses no larva reached the second instar within 72 h. Mortality during the 72 h period was highest at 10 ppm, due to the coincidence of lethal action with ecdysis in combination with the effect on developmental rate. Azadirachtin solutions applied directly to the surface of leaf disks in order to produce known doses on a leaf fresh weight basis gave results similar to the systemic treatment for weight gain, leaf area consumed and developmental rate, while mortality was higher in the latter treatment.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 253-260 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cabbage white butterflies ; green leaf volatiles ; mustard oils ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; host plant selection ; Pieris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were recorded from females of two related butterfly species, Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) to 23 volatiles of plant origin, 19 of which have been reported to occur in the headspace of their preferred host plants, Brassica and Sinapis species (Cruciferae). In both species, selective responses were observed and the most effective compounds were the 6-carbon fatty acid derivatives trans-hex-2-enal, hexan-1-ol and hexanal, which are common green leaf volatiles. Of the 6 isoprenoids tested, myrcene and geraniol were most effective. Of the 4 crucifer-specific compounds tested, phenylacetonitrile was a distinctly stronger stimulant than the three isothiocyanates in both species. The rank order of mean stimulating effectiveness of all compounds tested was strongly correlated between the two species. Statistical analysis of dose-response relationships for 6 compounds revealed significant differences between compounds. The rank order of effectiveness changed with dose. Exclusive exposure to Sinapis arvensis during larval life and young adulthood resulted in quantitative changes in EAG responses to several compounds in both species, although the overall rank order of effectiveness was strongly correlated between the groups reared on the two host plants.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 265-276 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Flow-through respirometer ; respiration rate ; respiratory quotient ; dietary effects ; Gilson respirometry ; Pieris brassicae L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La respiration des insectes a généralement été mesurée dans des systèmes à récipient clos comme l'appareil de Gilson, parfois équipés pour un apport électronique d'oxygène. Le respiromètre décrit dans cet article fonctionne avec un écoulement de gaz. II est basé sur l'utilisation de 2 analyseurs différentiels de gaz montés en série et d'un diaféromètre qui peut être employé avec des flux faibles (1.500–3.000 ml/h). Des détails sont fournis sur les techniques utilisées pour assécher le courant de gaz et le calibrer, et impliquées par les étapes ultérieures du calcul du taux de respiration. Le respiromètre rend possible la mesure en continu de la respiration de chenilles de Pieris brassicae (Lep.: Pieridae), pendant l'alimentation et sans les perturber. La respiration des derniers stades a été enregistrée pendant 90 heures, pendant lesquelles la croissance nette s'est traduite par une augmentation du poids frais de 100 mg à 400 mg. La respiration des chenilles (μl O2/individu/h) présente une structuration temporelle au cours du dernier stade, montrant une croissance régulière pendant les 50 premières heures du stade, suivie d'une stabilisation pendant 10–15 h, avec ensuite une rapide diminution jusqu'à la nymphose. Le respiromètre a été utilisé pour examiner les effets éventuels de l'alimentation sur la respiration. Les taux maximaux sont nettement plus bas sur alimentation artificielle que sur feuilles de Brassica oleracea L. Le temps nécessaire pour obtenir la nymphose était plus long en alimentation artificielle. Dans des expériences particulières, un régime alimentaire artificiel alterné contenant une faible teneur en protéines et une plante différente ont été fournis à un groupe de chenilles, et comparé aux résultats d'un groupe témoin ayant eu accès au régimé artificiel examiné pendant leur développement jusqu'au dernier stade. Le régime alterné affecte aussi bien la structure temporelle de la respiration que la respiration totale pendant le stade. Le quotient respiratoire a oscillé entre 0,90 et 1,15 et a été fortement affecté par le type de régime alimentaire. Le taux de respiration en fonction du poids (μl O2/mg poids frais/h) a atteint un maximum (2,15 fois la valeur initiale) après 15 h dans les groupes alimentés sur plante, tandis qu'avec le régime artificiel standard, le maximum (1,45) n'a été atteint qu'après 53 h. Après obtention du maximum, la biomasse est devenue, en considération du poids, métaboliquement moins active. Le coefficient de variation du taux de production de CO2 entre individus s'est situé entre 1,8 et 6,3%. La variation intraindividuelle était inférieure à 3%. En associant les observations de comportement aux mesures individuelles de respiration des chenilles, on a constaté que le taux maximal de respiration était invariablement précédé par une prise d'aliment ayant cessé 5 à 6 minutes avant. La discussion a porté sur la comparaison du système à écoulement avec la respirométrie en récipient clos.
    Notes: Abstract A respirometer is described that operates with a flowing gas stream. The respirometer is based on the use of two differential gas analyzers in series, a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer and a diaferometer that can be applied with low rates of airflow (1500–300 ml/h). Techniques for drying the gas stream and calibration and the consecutive steps in calculating the respiration rate are given in detail. The respirometer makes it possible to measure continuously the respiration rate of undisturbed, actively feeding caterpillars of Pieris brassicae L. (Pieridae: Lepidoptera) during their complete final instar, involving a net growth from 100 to 400 mg fresh body weights in a 90 h period. Caterpillar respiration (μl O2/individual/h) showed a certain time pattern in the course of the final instar, which differed from the pattern in the weight-specific rate (μl O2/mg fresh weight/h). Maximum rates were considerably lower on an artificial diet than on leaf material of a host plant, Brassica oleracea L. Both an alternative artificial diet containing a lower protein level and an alternative host plant affected both the time pattern in respiration rate and total respiration over the instar. The coefficient of variation in rate of carbon dioxide production between individuals varied between 1.8 and 6.3%. Intraindividual variation was less than 3%. Differences between closed-vessel respirometry and the flow-through system presented are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 183 (1998), S. 255-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Feeding deterrents ; Behaviour ; Electrophysiology ; Epipharyngeal sensillum ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An epipharyngeal taste sensillum in Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae was studied. Electron microscopy showed that the sensillum is innervated by five neurons. Electrophysiological experiments showed that one of these cells responds to water, a second to sucrose and a third to two feeding deterrents that were also effective in a behavioural test. Receptor cells sensitive to feeding deterrents were not previously reported for L.␣decemlineata larvae or adults. The response of the sucrose-sensitive cell was strongly inhibited by one of the two feeding deterrents and only slightly by the other feeding deterrent. The relationship between the behavioural and electrophysiological results is discussed in order to elucidate the neural code of feeding deterrents in L. decemlineata larvae. We conclude that probably both the response of the deterrent cell and peripheral interactions exerted by feeding deterrents on the sucrose-sensitive cell determine the potency of feeding deterrents. The present results provide a physiological basis for the hypothesis that the presence or absence of feeding deterrents in potential food plants is a decisive cue in food plant selection by L. decemlineata larvae.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anopheles gambiae ; behavior ; electroantennogram ; human sweat ; identification ; malaria mosquito ; indole ; geranyl acetone ; 6-methyl-5hepten-2-one ; 1-dodecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and electroantennogram (EAG) responses of female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to pooled samples of freshly collected human sweat and human sweat incubated for 42–52 hr were tested. No behavioral or EAG response was obtained to pooled fresh sweat samples, whereas incubated pooled sweat samples produced a behavioral as well as an EAG response. GC-MS analysis of the headspace composition of the fresh sweat revealed ethanol (15.1% of the total amount of volatiles trapped), acetic acid (10.9%), and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (9.5%) as the most abundant compounds; a wide range of ethyl esters was present as well. None of the ethyl esters was detected in the headspace collections from incubated sweat, while the relative amounts of ethanol, acetic acid, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were strongly reduced. In the latter collections, indole (27.9%), 1-dodecanol (22.4%), and 3-methyl-1-butanol (10%) were present in high amounts, while they were absent or present in only minor amounts in the headspace collections from fresh sweat. Geranyl acetone (6%) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (1.9%) were relatively abundant in both the fresh and incubated headspace samples. EAG responses were observed in response to indole, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and geranyl acetone.
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