ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competing values and moral imperatives: An overview of ethical issues in biological control (1997)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agricultural pests ; Biological control ; Ethical issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This overview and synthesis of the papers presented in this Special Issue suggests that there is a remarkably rich set of ethical issues having direct relevance to the development and practice of biological control for the management of agricultural pests. The perception and resolution of ethical issues appear to emerge from a set of factors that includes one's ethical viewpoint (anthropocentric or biocentric), agricultural system (industrial or sustainable), economic context (rich or poor), and power structure (expert or public). From this set of parameters at least five major ethical questions can be formulated: (1) How should we regulate and apply biological control in the face of persistent ecological uncertainty regarding environmental impacts? (2) How ought we to balance the established and expected benefits of biological control to human and ecosystem well-being against the known and anticipated risks? (3) Who should be empowered to develop policies and make decisions regarding the study and practice of biological control? (4) How can we assure a more just distribution of benefits and costs associated with biological control technologies (e.g., sharing the costs of nonmarketable goods and services that benefit the public, and compensating people from whom biological control agents are acquired), and (5) Can biological control be justified as a resource substitution for pesticides or is its ethical application only possible as part of a reconceptualization of agricultural production? These central questions and possible answers are presented in a varied set of provocative analyses by some of the leading thinkers and authorities in their fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007403226747
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ethics of biological control: Understanding the moral implications of our most powerful ecological technology (1996)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 13 (1996), S. 2-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A system of environmental ethics recently developed by Lawrence Johnson may be used to analyze the moral implications of biological control. According to this system, entities are morally relevant when they possess well-being interests (i.e., functions or processes that can be better or worse in so far as the entity is concerned). In this formulation of ethical analysis, species and ecosystems are morally relevant because they are not simply aggregates of individuals, so their processes, properties, and well-being interests are not reducible to the sum of their individual members. Following Johnson's thesis, species and ecosystems have morally relevant interests in surviving and maintaining themselves as integrated wholes with particular self-identities. This theoretical structure gives rise to a number of ethical criteria that are particularly relevant to biological control, which apply to the ecosystem (the extent to which it is large, native, unique, and integrated) and to the action being considered (the extent to which it is novel, omnipresent, monitored, reversible, and necessary). In these terms, it is evident that not all biological control efforts are ethically defensible. In general terms, natural biological control is most desirable, followed by augmentative strategies, classical approaches, and finally neoclassical biological control. Two specific cases (neoclassical biological control of rangeland grasshoppers and classical biological control of prickly pear cactus) illustrate the ethical concerns. Finally, it can be shown that formalized restrictions of biological control are necessary, given the unique properties of this technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01530463
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agriculture and biodiversity: Finding our place in this world (1999)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 16 (1999), S. 365-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Human ecology ; Anthropocentrism ; Native ; Biophilia ; Arational values ; Place
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture has been recently viewed as the primary destructive force of biodiversity, but the places that produce our food and fiber may also hold the key to saving the richness of life on earth. This argument is based on three fundamental positions. First, it is argued that to value and thereby preserve and restore biodiversity we must begin by employing anthropocentric ethics. While changing our understanding of intrinsic values (i.e., the unconditional values of biodiversity as a state and process in-and-of-itself, without reference to human interests) is often advocated as the means by which our behavior will reflect the importance of biodiversity, a change in how we perceive and conditionally value biodiversity is proposed as a more effective and compelling approach. Second, I suggest that anthropocentric values can be linked to a sense of “Place,” with agriculture playing a vital role in this context. Agriculture forms a powerful basis for personal, experiential development of a profound meaning and connection to a setting or landscape. The agricultural setting has tremendous potential for arational (emotional, aesthetic, and spiritual) values that ultimately compel our actions. The constancy of relationship and mutuality of dependency between humans and agricultural lands, particularly extensive agroecosystems, fosters an intensity of association that transcends our recent affinity to wildlands. Third, a mature understanding of places and their biodiversity must include those organisms that account for many of the ecological processes and the majority of the species richness -- the insects. The importance of these insects in structuring the landscape and the effects of habitat destruction on these organisms both suggest a vital, intimate, and reciprocal link between insects and Places. Finally, it is argued that the most important avenue for future efforts to protect and restore biodiversity on the part of agricultural and other scientists is educational -- the presentation of our research to the public in terms that provoke emotional, aesthetic, and spiritual meaning which lies at the core of human values and actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007699717401
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taking agricultural ethics to the forefront: A practical guide to the organizational and philosophical issues (1988)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 5 (1988), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract If the field of agricultural ethics is to realize its potential and if the agricultural and philosophical communities are to address the impending changes in world food production, there is a need for education in public, governmental, and academic arenas. The development of a symposium on agriculural ethics is an effective method for “raising awareness” of the imminent need for a consolidation of philosophical and agricultural expertise. Based on experience, a series of organizational guidelines and their associated philosophical issues are presented. The initial step is a determination of the purposes of the symposium, which leads to the consideration of the choice of speakers and topics. The best series of speakers will ultimately prove to be ineffectual if the logistics of the symposium are not carefully planned. The scheduling, format, timing and location of the talks are critical. Related to these practical aspects is the organization of promotional efforts. Since one of the goals is, presumably, to enlighten a target audience, effective promotion should be a central concern. Underlying all of these considerations is the budget. How the agricultural ethics symposium at the University of Wyoming addressed these issues is presented, with a critical review of our efforts based on external evaluations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02217653
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perceptual, developmental, experiential, and physiological parameters of swimming in Melanopline grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 183-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Acrididae ; locomotion ; learning ; ontogeny ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The roles of perception, development, experience, and physiology on the swimming behavior of grasshoppers in an arena were investigated usingMelanoplus bivittatus, M. differentialis, andM. sanguinipes. The parameters of swimming included capacity (the ability to reach the edge of a 45-cm-diameter water basin within 3 min), net displacement time (time required to reach the edge of the arena), and orientation (ability to make initial contact with a “target” pattern).Melanoplus sanguinipes adults were most attracted to a vertical rectangle set at 90° to the water surface (the standard target). Orientation ability decreased significantly as the target became square or it declined to 60°, and there was virtually no orientation to horizontal patterns or those at ≤45°. All nymphal instars ofM. sanguinipes exhibited the capacity to swim and orient to a standard target. Although the net displacement time was lowest from the third instar through the adult stages, the earlier instars (first through fourth) had the greatest relative net displacement rates. As adults aged, their net displacement time and orientation ability declined significantly, particularly in males. BothM. differentialis andM. sanguinipes adults showed a decline in net displacement time over a 10-day trial period. The loss of a hind leg did not significantly alter swimming performance of eitherM. bivittatus orM. sanguinipes adults, but this alteration significantly reduced the net displacement time ofM. differentialis. DecerebratedM. differentialis adults were capable of swimming for several minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990080
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Biogeography of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in North America and Siberia: Applications to the Conservation of Biodiversity (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 4 (2000), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Acrididae ; conservation ; distribution ; diversity ; rarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to apply knowledge of holarctic grasshopper biogeography in representative, temperate ecosystems (Russia, South Siberia, Sayans region; 685,000 km2 and USA, Wyoming; 272,000 km2) to develop a comparative basis for understanding and conserving insect biodiversity. Maps of species distributions and vegetation zones were digitized, and a Geographic Information System was used to identify habitats with the greatest biodiversity and to characterize this diversity as a function of selected attributes. With respect to subfamilies, the greatest differences were in cold, mesic zones, where gomphocerines and melanoplines were dominant in Sayans and Wyoming, respectively. In terms of mobility, the Sayans has more flightless species and individuals, with the taiga supporting the greatest frequency of flightless acridids in both countries. With regard to feeding types, the diversity and richness of graminivores and forbivores were similar in the two regions, but mixed feeders were much more frequent in Wyoming. In the Sayans and Wyoming, pest species were most common in boreal and prairie zones, respectively. Ecoregions with a high diversity of pests also supported a high diversity of rare species. Shrub and desert zones supported many rare species in both countries. Thus, in terms of conservation, the Sayans' acridofauna appears to be at greater risk in terms of ecological vulnerability; acridid biodiversity is dispersed among habitats, with high frequencies of flightless and oligophagous species. The acridofauna of Wyoming could be conserved in fewer habitats than in the Sayans, but these habitats are subject to considerable human disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009618425473
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of orthopteran pests: a conservation perspective (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; insecticide ; biological control ; pest management.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although the vast majority of orthopterans are not pests, some species have the potential to cause serious damage to human interests. Management of pest populations frequently conflicts with conservation of orthopteran species and processes, particularly when the pest species or its ecological processes are susceptible to extinction or when the pest population is coincident with non-target orthopterans. With respect to chemical control, the greatest hazards are the broad-spectrum, highly lethal properties of most agents, which can be mitigated with formulation and application methods. Biological control risks permanent, large-scale changes to orthopteran species and processes which can be minimized with bioinsecticidal and other short-lived or selective formulations and reliable host-range testing. Cultural control may have large-scale, broad-spectrum impacts to non-target orthopterans, but these hazards can be diminished by appropriate testing and monitoring. Mechanical control methods may be impractically labour intensive, but they are highly target specific and therefore warrant further consideration. Social control measures such as education, insurance and compensation programmes appear to have little direct potential for harm to orthopteran conservation, but the complex socioeconomic and, ultimately, environmental consequences of such programmes have not been assessed. The melding of orthopteran pest management and conservation requires that we perceive these insects and their ecological processes to be vital elements of sustainable agroecosystems. Our management of orthopterans (both non-target and pest populations) must focus on keeping good stewards on the land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009699914515
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): II. field assessment of attractants (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2261-2272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; necrophily ; attraction ; feeding stimulant ; linoleic acid ; linolenic acid ; fatty acids ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of rangeland grasshoppers to biologically and historically derived attractants were studied in a shortgrass prairie in southeastern Wyoming in July 1990. Seven long-chain fatty acids (C14–C20: singly and in combination), grasshopper cadavers, molasses, fruit extracts, and chloroform (solvent control) were tested. Each attractant was applied to filter paper and placed in an arena delimited by a 0.10-m2 aluminum ring. Grasshoppers were most attracted to linoleic and linolenic acids, with significantly more grasshoppers found in these arenas than in those of the controls or other attractants. These two fatty acids alone and in combination were more attractive at 1 grasshopper equivalent (GE) than at 5 GE. The seed bug,Lygaeus kalmii Stål, and five species of ants were also attracted to these two fatty acids. Molasses had significantly more grasshoppers on the filter paper than did the other attractants, but molasses had significantly fewer grasshoppers in the arena than the fatty acids. Fruit extracts were not effective at attracting grasshoppers. Water extracts of cadavers attracted significantly more grasshoppers to the bait than did chloroform extracts. Because the assayed grasshopper community was dominated by the Gomphocerinae (a subfamily that includes many pest species that do not readily consume wheat bran bait), it may be possible to use fatty acids in conjunction with insecticidal bran baits for increased control of rangeland grasshoppers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033201
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acididae): I. laboratory assessment of attractants (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2249-2260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; grasshopper ; olfaction ; cannibalism ; necrophagia ; necrophilia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two laboratory-reared and five field-collected species of grass-hoppers were assayed for behavioral responses to volatile chemicals emitted from grasshopper cadavers using a two-choice olfactometer with no stimulus as a control. Necrophilic and necrophobic responses to the stimuli were dependent upon species, sex, development, starvation, crowding, and attractant. Laboratory-rearedMelanoplus differentialis (Thomas) and field-collectedHadrotettix trifasciatus (Say) andAulocara elliotti Thomas exhibited significant responses to the cadavers. Females of these three species showed significant movement towards the cadavers, but males were not significantly necrophilic. All tested developmental stages ofH. trifasciatus (fourth-instar nymphs through adults) showed significant attraction to cadavers. FedM. differentialis adults andH. trifasciatus adults and nymphs were significantly attracted to cadavers, but starved individuals were either repelled or exhibited no significant response. Although femaleA. elliotti from an uncrowded population were significantly attracted to cadavers, females from a crowded population were significantly repelled from cadavers. Contraspecific cadavers more frequently elicited a measurable response in adultM. sanguinipes andH. trifasciatus than did conspecific cadavers, and only contraspecific cadavers yielded a significant (necrophilic) response. AlthoughM. differentialis was necrophilic, neither males nor females were significantly attracted to water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033200
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): III. Use of attractants on carbaryl wheat bran bait (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2273-2281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grasshopper ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; attractants ; carbaryl ; linoleic ; linolenic ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two known necrogenic attractants, linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3), were added to carbaryl bran bait to enhance control of rangeland grasshoppers in southeastern Wyoming. The primary goal was to increase control of species of Gomphocerinae, which normally do not consume bran bait. Each attractant was applied at 1, 5, and 10 grasshopper equivalents (GE) (e.g., a 1-GE treatment had the amount of fatty acid per unit weight of wheat bran that would be found in one grasshopper). Controls included carbaryl bran with no attractant and no treatment. Bran was applied at a rate of 1 kg/ha to 1-ha blocks on June 6, 1992, with four replicates per treatment and control. Plots were sampled for grasshoppers and nontarget organisms one day prior to and one, two, and three days after treatment. The addition of linoleic acid (10 GE) resulted in significantly lower total grasshopper densities than carbaryl bran alone. None of the attractants significantly improved control of all Gomphocerinae due to inconsistent effects among species. Relative to carbaryl bait alone, all doses of both fatty acids significantly improved control ofAmphitornus coloradus (Thomas). However, the attractants did not change the level of control ofCordillacris occipitalis orAulocara elliotti, and linolenic acid (5 GE) and linoleic acid (1 GE) resulted in significantly poorer control ofAgeneotettix deorum (Scudder) than carbaryl bait alone. Nontarget arthropods were largely unaffected by the attractants, except for the spiders, which were significantly reduced in all linolenic acid treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033202
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...