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  • 1
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    Chapter Fly Ash as a Cementitious Material for Concrete (2021)
    InTechOpen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This paper presents a review on fly ash as prime materials used for geopolymer. Due to its advantages of abundant resources, less in cost, great workability and high physical properties, fly ash leads to achieving high mechanical properties. Fly ash is considered as one of the largest generated industrial solid wastes or so-called industrial by-products, around the world particularly in China, India, and USA. The characteristics of fly ash allow it to be a geotechnical material to produce geopolymer cement or concrete as an alternative of ordinary Portland cement. Many efforts are made in this direction to formulate a suitable mix design of fly ash-based geopolymer by focusing on fly ash as the main prime material. The physical properties, chemical compositions, and chemical activation of fly ash are analyzed and evaluated in this review paper. Reference has been made to different ASTM, ACI standards, and other researches work in geopolymer area.
    Keywords: fly ash, physical characteristics, specific gravity, particle shape, chemical activation, workability ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBC Engineering: general
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural properties of magnetically anisotropic SmCo5 ribbons (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 2660-2662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural features of magnetically anisotropic SmCo5 ribbons prepared by melt spinning have been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. It was determined that this kind of SmCo5 ribbons are made up of structural domains, which consist of layered grains regularly packed along the c-axis direction. The c axes of the grains generally lie in the ribbon plane and along the length. The SmCo5 grains are well crystallized in the conventional hexagonal structure (P6/mmm). The properties of grain boundaries either with or without impurity phases have been systematically analyzed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1469210
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sol–Gel Preparation and Properties of Fluoride-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Powders (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxyapatite (HA) and fluor-hydroxyapatite (FHA) powders were synthesized by a sol–gel method for usage as bone filler and drug carrier. Calcium nitrate and triethyl phosphite were used as precursors under an ethanol–water-based solution. Different amounts of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) were incorporated for the preparation of FHA powders. With heat treatment above 400°C, a characteristic apatite phase was observed for all the sol–gel powders. However, the crystallization temperature decreased with increasing fluoride addition. The tricalcium phosphate (TCP) phase formed in the pure HA powder above 800°C was attenuated in the FHA powders, confirming an enhanced phase stability of the FHA powders. Increasing the F− addition improved crystallinity and increased the crystallite size, as was determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The lattice parameters of the heat-treated powders varied corresponding to the fluoride addition, i.e., a gradual decrease in the a-axis, while little change in the c-axis was observed with increasing fluoride addition, indicating a nearly complete substitution of fluoride within the apatite lattice. However, little difference was observed with heat-treatment temperatures (400°–1000°C). The powders substituted with fluoride exhibited reduced dissolution rates in an in vitro solution as compared with the pure HA powder, suggesting the possibility of tailoring bioactivity with fluoride substitution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06344.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid Prototyping of Piezoelectric Ceramics via Selective Laser Sintering and Gelcasting (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article presents a new lost mold rapid prototyping method which combines selective laser sintering (SLS) and gelcasting techniques for fabricating piezoelectric ceramics. SLS was used to fabricate sacrificial molds of the desired structure of the ceramic part. Then aqueous PZT (lead zirconate titanate) suspension was cast in the mold and solidified in situ through formation of a three-dimensional network gel. Because the polymer mold can be easily removed at the initial stage of sintering and the gelcast PZT body has a high green strength, the desired geometry of the PZT part can be completely retained after sintering of the ceramics. Complex-shaped PZT parts were successfully fabricated after using concentrated PZT suspension with low viscosity. Densities and electrical properties, such as the d33, the relative permittivity ε, the dielectric loss tgδ and the electromechanical coupling factor Kp of the gelcast PZT parts were also compared with those of the die-pressed PZT samples. The results indicated that the gel-forming process did not deteriorate the electrical properties of the samples, if proper dispersant was selected in developing concentrated ceramic slurry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb19938.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of Electroplating-Induced Degradation of PMZNT Relaxor Ferroelectrics (2002)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 85 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Resistance degradation of lead magnesium niobate-based (PMZNT) ceramics during nickel electroplating was investigated using resistivity measurement and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis. It was found that the resistivity of the ceramics remained nearly unchanged at the initial stage of the electroplating, and, as electroplating time increased, the resistivity decreased rapidly. An AES depth profile analysis of a degraded specimen showed oxygen content in the surface to be lower than the theoretical value, and the relationship of oxygen content and detection depth was obtained. The results indicated that Pb2+ and Nb5+ were reduced to lower valence states and oxygen in the lattice was lost, thereby leading to a generation of oxygen vacancies. Hence, the conductivity of the dielectrics was enhanced. The results also indicated that only the outermost surface had suffered the reducing effect induced by hydrogen generated during nickel electroplating, whereas the bulk material remained impervious.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00114.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct Current-Voltage Failure of Lead-Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics with Silver Doping (2003)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 86 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of silver doping on the DC-voltage resistance failure of lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics was investigated via temperature-humidity-bias (THB) testing, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and electrical measurements. The failure rate of silver-doped specimens was found to increase significantly with the doping level during the THB test. However, some degraded specimens can partially recover their electrical properties after a few days of storing in natural conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that silver could be incorporated into the perovskite lattice in the range of silver contents studied. The presence of an inner-bias field in the degraded ceramics was first demonstrated through hysteresis property measurement. Based on these results, it was inferred that the accumulation of oxygen vacancies under DC-voltage should be responsible for the inner-bias field, which consequently resulted in the increase of electronic defects in the ceramics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03572.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Discernible Dielectric Aging Effect in the Undoped, N2-H2-Annealed Lead Magnesium Niobate—Lead Titanate Ceramic (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is well known that the undoped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 ceramics, prepared through conventional ceramic processing, present no evident aging effect. In this paper, however, a discernible aging phenomenon was observed in an undoped, N2-H2-annealed ceramic. When this sample was later annealed again in air, this effect became negligible again just like that of a normally prepared PMN—PT ceramic. The valence states of Ti ions, which may be changeable in different annealing atmospheres, were assumed to be responsible for the different degrees of aging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03067.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerodynamic dislodgement of multiple-size sand grains over time (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 42 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An experimental study was undertaken in a large-scale wind tunnel to investigate sand particle dislodgement by wind over time in the absence of grain-bed collisions. Aerodynamic dislodgement was measured for six groups of sand particles under two known wind velocity profiles. The results show that the dislodgement rate for both fine and coarse particles decreases rapidly during the transition of the particle surface from a non-wind-worked condition to a wind-worked condition, and that the dislodgement rate continues to decay under a wind-worked condition even though the mean grain size of surface particles remains nearly the same. A previously developed theoretical method for calculating the number of particles left on the bed by wind was developed further. The derived method was used to calculate the time-decay of the dislodgement rate and the length of time required for the dislodgement rate to reach an equilibrium. The length of time for dislodgement rate to reach an equilibrium in this study is of the order of 10–15 min. This not only provides further observation of the second, long stage of aeolian sediment transport system development reported previously but also indicates a potentially large variation in the time-decay of transport rate under different conditions. The results indicate that the time-decay of the particle dislodgement rate is related to sorting processes. Because of the artificial method of preparation of the grain surface and the wind velocity profiles, the results of this study should be applied with caution to natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb00400.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low Dielectric Constant Borophosphosilicate Glass-Ceramics Doped with PbF〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 (2002)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 224-226 (June 2002), p. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/46/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.224-226.33.pdf
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-Firing Behavior and Interfacial Structure of Dielectric/Ferrite Composites for Multi-Layer LC Filters (2002)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 224-226 (June 2002), p. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/46/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.224-226.151.pdf
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